unit one: changes over time in the economic characteristics of places Flashcards
what does the clarke fisher model show?
changing employment structure in countries at different stages of development
what are the industrial sectors?
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
what is the primary industry?
the extraction of raw materials from the ground or sea
what are some examples of jobs in primary industry?
farming, fishing, forestry and mining
what is the secondary industry?
the manufacturing of goods using raw materials from primary industry
what are some examples of jobs in the secondary industry?
steel making, chemical industries, car manufacturing and construction
what is the tertiary industry?
involves the provision of different services to people and to other industries, both in the private or public sector
what are some examples of jobs in the tertiary industry?
banking, insurance, retail, schools and hospitals
what is the quaterary industry?
the knowledge-based sector, which is concerned with information and communication technology and research and development
what are some examples of quaternary jobs?
ICT and R&D
what are the 3 phases of the clarke fisher model?
the pre-industrial phase, the industrial phase and the post-industrial phase
what is the pre-industrial phase?
around 70% of the population are employed in the primary sector and relies on raw materials. there is no quaternary
what is the industrial phase?
in this stage a countries wealth will increase and factories are built, max 50% of the jobs are in the secondary sector
what is the post-industrial phase?
primary and secondary continue their decline, tertiary sector is the main sector. the quaternary begins to increase as new jobs are created in the R & D sector
what is an example of a country in the pre-industrial stage?
burkina faso
what are some examples of countries in the industrial stage?
china and mexico
what are some examples of countries in the post-industrial phase?
uk and usa and japan
what does lic stand for?
low income countries
what does ledc stand for?
less economically developed countries
what does nedc stand for?
newly industrialised countries
what does nee stand for?
newly emerging economies
what does medc stand for?
more economically developed countries
what does hic stand for?
high income countries
what type of countries are lics/ledcs?
poorest countries in the world where a high proportion of the active population works in primary industries
what stage of the clarke fisher model are ledcs/lics in?
pre-industrial stage
what type of countries are nics/nees?
countries that are experiencing industrialisation and rapid economic growth of secondary and tertiary sectors
what stage of the clarke fisher model are nics/nees in?
industrial stage
what type of countries are medcs/hics?
wealthiest countries of the world where a high proportion of the active population works in tertiary and quaternary industries
what stage of the clarke fisher model are medcs/hics in?
post-industrial stage
why is there a decline in primary employment in mining and agriculture?
- depletion of finite resources
- cheap imports
- increased mechanisation
- social change and the value of primary industry
- government policy
why is there a decline in secondary employment in manufacturing?
- globalisation
- cheaper production in developing countries
- increased automation
- government policy
at it’s peak in the 1920s, how many men were employed in coal mining pits in the uk?
1.2 million men
why did the british coal industry decline?
- more accessible seams of coal became exhausted and the cost of mining increased
- coal became cheaper to import from other countries making the U.K less competitive
in 2012, where did the uk import 96% their coal from?
usa, russia and columbia
how did government policy play a role in the demise of the british coal industry?
the national coal board announced they intended to close down 20 mines, with a loss of 20,000 jobs, meaning many people would lose their primary source of employment, which led to the miner’s strike
when did the miner’s strike happen?
1984
how did social attitudes to coal further add to the decline of british coal industry?
- the increasing concern about greenhouse gas emissions
- development of cleaner, renewable energy
- legally binding carbon dioxide targets set
how many coal fired power stations are left? how many closed between 2015 and 2016?
there are 10 left and 4 closed in those years
where is the world’s largest wind farm and how many houses does it provide for?
london array opened in 2013, powers 500,000 homes
what is a huge reason for the reduction of agricultural employment?
mechanisation
what is mechanisation?
decrease in unemployment because machines have taken the jobs of people
how did the number of agricultural employees change from 1841 and 2011?
in 1841, 22% of workers but in 2011, less than 1% work in agriculture
what is deindustrialisation?
when there is a decline in manufacturing industry within a country or region, resulting in reduction of secondary sector employment
what are three external factors of deindustrialisation?
1) globalisation
2) multi - national companies
3) new production technology
what are three internal factors of deindustrialisation?
- loss of competitiveness
- lack of investment/financial factors
- human resources issues
what is globalisaton?
process of increasing interconnectivity and interdependence among countries and economies of the world
what is the process of globalisation driven by?
process is driven by multi national companies (mnc’s)
what are some examples of mnc’s?
microsoft, apple, nike, kfc
what are the six comparative advantages between mnc’s and medc’s?
1) much lower labour costs
2) fewer employment laws/regulations
3) hard working and often well educated workforce
4) cheaper land/factory construction costs
5) relaxed environmental controls where pollution is less restricted
6) government incentives such as development of free ports and export processing zones, where companies could operate with low levels of taxation
what is global shift?
movement of manufacturing from medc’s to the developing world
what 4 countries make up the asian tiger economies? (experienced global shift)
taiwan, south korea, hong kong, singapore
when was dyson founded?
1993
who founded dyson?
james dyson
where is the dyson hq?
singapore
how many people does dyson employ?
12,000
what was dyson’s revenue in 2018?
£4.4 billion (highest)
What percentage of goods are sold outside of uk?
90%
Dyson moved manufacturing abroad due to comparative advantages. In what year and to where?
malaysia became the technology centre with 50,000m2 facility focused on r&d projects. moved in 2003
what is automation and how has it affected employment?
> where factory work is run by machinery automation of manufacturing processes has contributed to a reduction in labour, replaces employees without reducing input
what did a loss of competitiveness in britain lead to?
closing down of factories and an increase in abandoned buildings and brown field sites
what are some of the issues that have been created due to factories being located in the inner city?
- competition, pollution
- limited expansion, overcrowding
- traffic congestion
are lack of investment and financial factors an internal or external factor?
internal
what was the bank base rate in 1970’s and 1980’s compared to 2011? what does this show?
1970’s - 1980’s = 12.2% to 14% vs 2011 = 1%
investment was too costly and too expensive to automate factories, too risky
during the 1970’s and 1980’s, what where the exchange rates like?
pound was a valuable currency = high exchange rates
who does high currency value benefit and how?
good for importers of that country, more demand for foreign goods/services
who does low currency value benefit and how?
good for exporters of that country, more demand for foreign business
when was british leyland formed?
1975
what were some of the companies that merged to form the british leyland?
jaguar, rover, land rover and austin
what was the production capacity of the british leyland?
1 million cars a year
how many did it employ and in how many locations?
128,000 people in 36 locations
who owned the british leyland?
government (a national company)
british leylands workforce was highly unionised. what problems did this lead to?
- birmingham’s longbridge plant = 523 strikes in 30 months
- lead to closing of factories, strikes affected productivity, people couldn’t by cars so they bought from elsewhere e.g ford
How did the government respond/fight back the strikes in the british leyland?
they privatised the company in 1980’s = this meant that if the company couldn’t make money it would be forced to close
what percentage of people in coventry were employed in a car related industry ?
40% (this has been affected by the closing in 1980’s)
how did britain manage to maintain a car industry?
by attracting fdi (foreign direct investment)
what are some examples of fdi’s in the uk that have helped maintain the car industry?
japanese car manufactures have established themselves in the eu market:
- honda, in swindon established 1985, employs 3500
- nissan, in sunderland established 1984, employs 7000
