unit three: the growth of the service economy and its socio-economic impacts Flashcards
what is teriarisation?
growth of the primary sector
what has caused the growth of the tertiary sector?
- increased productivity in manufacturing and agriculture, which has resulted in a decreased demand for labour
- an increase in affluence has lead to an increase in this sector
what is gentrification?
the displacement of working class populations in an area as a more affluent population move in
how many stages of gentrification is there?
3
what is stage one of gentrification called?
the early stage
what is the first stage of gentrification and how does it work?
- occurs in run down, de-industrialised, working class inner city locations
- artistic/hipster community take advantage of low rent buildings
- these groups are known as ‘urban pioneers’
- greasy spoon cafes = more food for lower price, services are relatively cheap
what is the impact of stage one of gentrification on the original population?
limited impact on original population
what is stage two of gentrification?
the transitional stage
what is the second stage of gentrification and how does it work?
- reputation of the area is enhanced as a ‘trendy’ hipster place
- new and more affluent residents move into the area, causing an increase in the no. of tourists/visitors
- demand for housing increases = prices increase
- more businesses are set up which leads to an increase in the prices of goods and services
what is the impact of stage two of gentrification on the original population?
working class people struggle to keep up with affluence
what is the stage three of gentrification?
the late stage
what is the third stage of gentrification and how does it work?
- reputation is firmly established as a trendy, affluent and upcoming area
- new affluent population have higher wages
- private sector cooperate investment results in new exclusive housing development, services orientated to affluent pop
What is the impact of stage three of gentrification on the original population?
urban pioneers and working class people are priced out of the area
what is the case study for gentrification?
shoreditch
where is shoreditch?
located in hackney, east london (an inner city area)
when did shoreditch experience de-industrialisation?
in the 1980’s de-industrialisation of the garnet and furniture industry occurred, the area contained many derelict buildings
when and what happened in the first stage of gentrification in shoreditch?
1990’s - stage 1
- area around hoxton square attracted the artistic community
- illegal warehouse raves took place and ‘greasy spoon’ cafes still operated
when and what happened in the second stage of gentrification in shoreditch?
2000’s - stage 2
- area becomes one of the trendiest on London, attracting visitors and businesses
- causes an increase in property prices
in the second stage of gentrification in shoreditch how did the property prices increase between 2005 and 2010?
average house price in:
2005 = £225,441 vs 2010 = £345,827
(53% increase)
when and what happened in the third stage of gentrification in shoreditch?
2010’s - stage 3
- demographics of shorditch were representative of wealthy middle class population
- change in services, reflecting the growing affluence
- shoreditch cereal killer cafe targeted in gentrification protests
- involved 200 people, physically attacked business with torches and smoke bombs
what is a flagship development and how does it help with urban regeneration?
flagship = iconic development (e.g. birmingham library) creates a sense of ‘can only get this here’ and attracts tourist
what was the average price of a cereal bowl at the cereal killer cafe?
£3.00 - £6.00
what concerns do current residents have about this process in shoreditch?
- marginalisation = splitting the community
- unaffordable for working class = lose the people who live and work in the area
- takes away industrial heritage
- goes against traditions of the area
when was the big city plan put into place?
september 2010
what was the objective of the big city plan?
deliver sustainable growth, improve inter-connectivity, new residential communities and diversify the economic base
how much was invested into the big city plan?
£10 billion overall
- £600 million investment to develop new street station
- expanded city core area by 25%
- 20 year vision
how much is the big city plan going to contribute to the economy
£2.1 billion to the city annually
what did the development of the sandwell aquatic centre offer to birmingham?
- £6.5 million national investment in game sports
- 40,000 new jobs, volunteering opportunities
- more than £40 million of social value,
approx. £200,000 input from it
what is re-urbanisation?
the movement of people back into urban areas that have previously experienced out migration. this process attracts a more affluent, younger members, employed in growing sectors of the economy
what is the case study for re-urbanisation?
brindley place, birmingham
what was brindley place like in the 1970’s?
was based around a canal basin, dominated by derelict factories, extremely run down due to de-industrialisation
when was the development of brindley place funded and what was the funding for?
1987 - a £200 million redevelopment involving an enterprise zone, birmingham city council regenerated the 15 hectare site into a premium leisure, commercial and residential are
what was the first stage of the development of brindley place?
construction of NIA, which opened in 1991
how many jobs were created overall during the redevelopment of brindley place?
10,000
What did the scheme to redevelop brindley place include? (features of the redevelopment - residential)
- 143 new houses and apartments in symphony court - completed in 1995
- Later residential development included king edwards dwarf (243 apartments) in 2003
what process occurred on Broad Street?
gentrification
what employment opportunities were created due to the redevelopment scheme of brindley place?
- OOzells building > HQ for city centre (retail and leisure job opportunities) boost in the secondary and tertiary sector
- 15,000 sq ft of office space
- foundry - flexible working space
what is the local multiplier effect?
refers to the growth of a component of the local economy from an initial investment in another part of the economy
where was the entertainment district of brindley place?
the broad street area
how has broad street changed over time?
1980’s > suburban high street
1990’s > broad street was transformed into a night life quarter with bars and restaurants located in the are
what retail aspects were incorporated into the development of brindley place?
the development of the mailbox which was constructed and gentrified from the old royal mail sorting office
why might urban areas still experience decline even after re-urbanisation? (what is the competition)
- retail competition from the internet
- ‘out-of-town’ shopping centres
- large cbd redevelopment schemes in nearby settlement
- new entertainment complex
- ‘out-of-town’ office developments
What are the factors that have led to decline in traditional high streets?
- de-industrialisation in inner cities
- competition
- covid -19
- internet/online shopping
- out-of-town shopping centre
what are the advantages to online shopping compared to high street shopping?
- saves travel cost
- saves time
- comparative shopping
- greater range of goods
- cheaper
what are the advantages to out-of-town shopping centres compared to high street shopping?
- not weather dependent
- more free parking available
- more accessible, transport links
- safety (security and cameras)
what is the high street case study?
dudley
what are the three measures used to calculate the vitality index?
- the proportion of premium/luxury retail outlets
- the proportion of low value retail
- the proportion of vacant premises
what position was dudley on the vitality index?
500 (lowest one)
what was dudley’s high street like in the 1970’s compared to now?
- 1970’s had many large department stores such as Debenhams, M&S, Curry’s
- today its dominated by vacant premises or low value discount type stores
in 2014, how many shops were vacant on dudley high street?
100
how many stores does merry hill have?
220, including 28 catering outlets
how many free parking spaces does merry hill have on site?
7000
how many visitors annually does marry hill attract?
20 million
what is an out-of-town office that has been developed that has caused dudley high street to decline?
the waterfront office park, located 600m from merry hill
what does the waterfront office park have that has caused a decline on dudley highstreet?
- over 45,000m2 of office space
- 4 star hotel with 138 rooms and 600 seat conference room
- numerous bars and restaurants
- employs over 3000 in tertiary sector
why have retail developments in birmingham caused a decline to dudley’s high street?
the bullring: costing £350 million, covering 26 acres and containing 160 shops
- very successful as it attracts 40 million visitors annually
- also can talk about the mailbox
why have transport developments in the west midlands caused a decline to dudley’s high street?
the metro opened in 1999, connects wolverhampton with birmingham’s city centre, passing through dudley
what shop closed in 2007 on dudley high street?
woolworths
what was dudley’s regeneration attempt?
- £126 million invested over a decade on improving fire station, historic architecture
- £6 million to improve the market place
- expanding the college
How was Dudley’s regeneration attempt a fail?
non solved the retail problem
