unit five: rural management and the challenge of continuity and change Flashcards
how can rural areas be categorised?
cloke’s 1979 model of urban-rural continuum
what is an extreme non-rural settlement?
within 30 minutes travelling time to a large urban area
what are the issues of extreme non-rural settlements?
overcrowding, noise pollution, air pollution and pressure on public services
what is an extreme rural settlement?
more than 90 minutes travelling time to a large urban area
what are the issues of extreme rural settlements?
not good healthcare, no job opportunities, lack of education and ageing population
what are 5 issues that many rural settlements face?
-ageing population and population decline
-service provision
-transport provision
-telecommunication/broadband provision
-housing availability and costs
why is there a declining population in urban areas?
retired people don’t want to live in bustling cities, they want to move away don’t need jobs, don’t have children who live with them
what has caused the spiral of decline?
from outward migration of young people
what is the spiral of decline that rural settlements are suffering from?
people leave for more opportunities in urban areas > employers find it difficult to recruit labour > less investment happens in the area and the businesses shut > less money, less employment and fewer people leads to shops and services declining > people notice the decline and the lower quality of life > repeats
what are 10 effects of rural depopulation on service provision in rural settlements?
- decline in number of services
- decrease in range of variety of services offered
- amalgamations of functions in the same premises
- a change to mobile services
- loss of high-order services
- less duplication with fewer functions of the same type
- replacement of some services
- rationalisation of public services
- branch closures
- reduction in frequency of bus services
what is something some services in rural areas are having to do to survive?
they are having to become co-operative which means they have to be owned by the community - residents invest in them, as they wouldn’t survive if not
what is an example of a village community-owned service?
pubs - pubs branch out into the older services such as wellness, fitness groups, increasing footfall to people who would have used it as a pub before
what is the relationship between rural parish size and access to services?
as rural parish size increases, the percent age of people who don’t have access to essential services typically decrease (i.e. the percent of people stating they don’t have access to a gp surgery in 0-999 people parishes compared to percentage in 3000+)
what are the issues to declining transport in rural areas?
there aren’t enough buses and they have irregular timetables. say that they can’t have fun because public transport is so limiting
by how much did bus mileage decline by between 2011/12 and 2016/17?
6.2%
were is the case study for a remote declining village?
st john’s chapel in weardale, county durham
what suggests st john’s chapel is experiencing outward migration and an ageing population?
the percentage of old people is above the net average average and the percentage of young people is below net average
what evidence is there that st john’s chapel is a declining settlement?
traditional employment is decreasing as it used to be a mining site. this has lead to outward migration and for the people who stay, unemployment is higher than the national average, as they may not have the skills needed to get employment n different areas
what was the census data of st john’s chapel in 1991 and 2011?
442 in 1991 and 270 in 2011
how far is the closest secondary school away from st john’s chapel?
14 miles away
what is the percentage of male unemployment at st john’s chapel?
17%
what are 3 things that are missing from st john’s chapel and how is it evidence for a declining settlement
police station, bridge and flog hall are all gone which show that there are potentially less people living here
what is the relationship between the extent of rurality and superfast broadband coverage?
there isn’t much fast broadband in rural areas meaning people can’t work from home
what are 4 issues that people and businesses face from limited broadband and 4g coverage?
- people are not purchasing properties with a low broadband speed
- they aren’t connected with urban areas/businesses
- people aren’t close to banks and they cannot handle their money online
- when cars breakdown, it’s difficult to get people to tend to it
what are the 2 main groups housing issues can be categorised into?
second home ownership and counter-urbanisation
what kind of settlements does counter-urbanisation affect?
accessible rural settlements
what kind of settlements does second-home ownership affect?
attractive rural settlements
what does aonb stand for?
areas of outstanding natural beauty
what are 3 places in the uk where second home ownership is more than 5% of the population?
devon, cornwall and the isle of white
what percentage of cornwall’s homes are classified as second homes?
11.2%
what effect has the demand for second homes in cornwall had on house prices?
increase in second homes meant an increase in house prices (the average house in cornwall is more expensive than in england and wales)
what issues are created for local residents if the average house price is high?
rent will increase, supermarkets and shops will have increased prices, change in culture, traffic congestion and overcrowding, and local businesses wouldn’t get a lot of business
what does affordability ratio mean?
the ratio of prices to earnings is one measure of how affordable it is for households to get on the property ladder
what was the median affordability for cornwall compared to england in 2011?
8.57 compared to 6.65 in england
how many homes in helford are owned by second home owners?
1/4 of homes
what age group has been pushed out of hereford?
16-24 years
what are the pull factors of hereford?
scenic views, beaches, remote areas, unspoiled beauty, gentrified
what are the positive impacts of second home ownership in hereford?
creates more jobs, increases local tourism and boosting the local economy, specialises in high quality seafood that supports local fisherman and cleaning second homes creates jobs
what is the story behind chris bean in helford?
currently unloading offshore which can be dangerous. they bring in £1 million worth of fish. second home owners said that the dock would spoil the village, affecting local amenities and environments
how many objection letters were there for chris bean’s dock?
200
what are the negative impacts of second home owners in helford?
people spend very little time in the village and therefore business can’t thrive all the time and fewer customers means fewer profits (the post office for example)
what are 3 arguments for controlling second home ownership?
- an increased demand for housing means they are expensive and people are pushed out
- young people are being pushed out
- number of rough sleepers has increased by 62.5% between 2014 and 2015
what are 3 arguments against controlling second home ownership?
- they invest in the area
- they have vested interest in maintaining the wider area to a high stand therefore improving environmental quality
- people like having a home that is away from the city
what actions are being taken across cornwall to tackle the second home ownership issue?
protesters took to the moor to call for politicians and second home owners to do more to help families that are at risk of homelessness by providing emergency and temporary accommodation, building more council houses and maximizing council tax income from second home owners
what has the parish council in helford done to tackle the second home ownership issue?
introduced a ban on new builds being sold for second homes
what is counter-urbanisation?
a social demographic process in which people move from urban settlements into rural areas
what has counter-urbanisation led to?
the development of “suburbanised villages” or “dormitory villages”
how was there an increased mobility of the population between the 1970s and 1980s?
increased vehicle ownership and improvement to road systems
during which decades did counter-urbanisation become an important process in the uk?
1970s and 1980s
what percentage of the population lived in urban areas in 1990 compared to 2014?
88% in 1990 and 82% in 2014
what are the typical socio-economic groups that are involved in counter-urbanisation?
managers, directors and senior officials as they can work from home, families rather than individuals and middle to higher income families
what are push factors?
forces you away from a location
what are pull factors?
attracts you to a location
what are the social push factors to urban areas?
traffic, litter, noise pollution, higher crime rates, overcrowding and poor quality of schools
what are the economic push factors to urban areas?
houses can be expensive
what are the environmental push factors to urban areas?
air pollution and lack of open spaces
what are the social pull factors to rural areas?
less people means it is calmer, lower crime rates, safer for children and less noise pollution
what are the economic pull factors to rural areas?
ict impact and out of town shopping
what are the environmental pull to rural areas?
more natural nature, larger gardens in homes and less pollution
what are some counties that have experienced population growth due to counter-urbanisation?
bedforshire, cambridgeshire and suffolk
what are the reasons for people moving to cambridgshire?
close proximity to london, good transport links, more leisure opportunities, slower pace of life and traditional properties
where is an example of a suburbanised village?
st ives, cambridgshire
how far is st ives from london?
70 miles/100km north of london
what is area growth?
the growth in population is reflected by the “sprawl” of the village towards the north of the centre
what was the average house price in st ives in 2000 compared to 2010?
£130,000 in 2000 to £291,000 in 2010
how many houses are built on a flood plain in st ives?
1000
what are the impacts of counter-urbanisation in st ives?
locals can’t afford rent so they are pushed out due to gentrification, the areas house prices have risen, a14 traffic congestion has radically risen and there has been massive pressure put on schools due to the influx of families and under 16s
how many new homes are being built in st ives and how many of these are being used for affordable housing?
200 new homes with 75 to be affordable housing
how much money has been spent in st ives on flood protection?
£8.8 million
what management is being used in st ives?
a buswat from st ives to huntigton and cambridge to reduce congestion, expanding of schools to take on more students, new homes being built and flood protection
how many people in st ives commute to london daily?
1 in 4 people
how has the population of st ives changed from 1961 to 2010?
from 3800 in 1961 to 16,400 in 2010
how are rural settlements changing?
- less remote
- increase in transport links
- primary and secondary industry has been pushed out of the area by new people (second home owners, elderly, or middle-class families)
