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ap psychology > unit two (ch. 7, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28) > Flashcards

unit two (ch. 7, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28) Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

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2
Q

three-box memory model

A
  1. external events –> 4. long term memory
  2. external events –> (sensory input) 2. sensory memory
  3. sensory memory–> (encoding) 3. working short term memory
  4. working (short-term) memory –> (encoding) 4. long term memory
  5. long term memory –> (retrieving) working (short-term) memory
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3
Q

context clues/effect

types of memory and memory retrieval

A

Anything in the environment that triggers the retrieval of certain memories

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4
Q 
declarative memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

It refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and events.

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5
Q 
echoic memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

is the momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, lasting about 3 or 4 seconds.

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6
Q 
eidetic memory (aka photographic memory)
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

(photographic memory) is popularly defined as the ability to recall images, sounds, or objects in memory with extreme accuracy and in abundant volume. The word eidetic (pronounced /aɪˈdɛtɨk/) means related to extraordinarily detailed and vivid recall of visual images,

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7
Q 
episodic memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

portion of LTM that stores personally experienced events;

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8
Q 
explicit memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”. (also know as declarative memory)

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9
Q 
flashbulb memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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10
Q 
iconic memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenth of a second.

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11
Q 
implicit memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

retention independent of conscious recollection. (called procedural memory)

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12
Q

long-term memory

types of memory and memory retrieval

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences,

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13
Q

memory

types of memory and memory retrieval

A

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

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14
Q

mood congruent memory

types of memory and memory retrieval

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

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15
Q

priming

types of memory and memory retrieval

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

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16
Q 
procedural memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

portion of LTM that stores information relating to skills, habits, and other perceptual-motor tasks

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17
Q 
prospective memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

involves remembering to perform intentional action occurring in the future; remembering to remember to do something in the future

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18
Q

recognition vs. recall

types of memory and memory retrieval

A

recognition: when you have to answer a question in a review game and its multiple choice
recall: when given a question in a review game, and you have to think about the answer with no hints or answer choices

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19
Q

retrieval

types of memory and memory retrieval

A

process by which stored information is recovered from long term memory

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20
Q

state-dependent memory

types of memory and memory retrieval

A

Information is better remembered when someone is in the same state as they were in the memory. Essentially, if you are angry, you will remember angry memories better than if you are happy. The theory states that all that has happened is connected, smells, touches, sounds and emotions, therefore to remember something, one must try to remember all of the factors.

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21
Q

semantic-network theory

types of memory and memory retrieval

A

as we learn something new our brain connects the dots with out thoughts.
now our thoughts might start in one place and end up in another area/idea

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22
Q 
semantic memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

a type of memory containing generalized knowledge of the world

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23
Q 
sensory memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

1 to 2 seconds

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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24
Q

short-term memory

types of memory and memory retrieval

A

18 to 20 seconds
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digit number of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

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25
Q 
working memory
(types of memory and memory retrieval)
A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual -spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

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26
Q

cocktail party effect

types of memory and memory retrieval

A

the ability to focus one’s listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises; , ability to attend to only one voice among many

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27
Q 
acoustic encoding
(types of encoding and encoding strategies)
A

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

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28
Q

amygdala

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A

a limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and agression (Limbic System)

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29
Q 
effortful processing
(types of encoding and encoding strategies)
A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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30
Q

cerebellum

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A

the “little brain” attached to the brain stem, is responsible for coordinated movements (brain stem)

31
Q

CREB

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A

switches genes off or on. With neural firing, a nerve cell’s genes produce synapse strenghening proteins, enabling LTP. Boosting CREB productions increase proteins that help reshape synapses and fix short term memory into long term.

32
Q

chunking

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

33
Q

hippocampus

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A

a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage.

34
Q

encoding

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A

the processing of information into the memory system– for example, by extracting meaning.

35
Q

hierarchies

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A

processing information by dividing it into logical levels, beginning with the most general and moving to the most specific.

36
Q

mneomonics

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

37
Q

levels of processing model

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A
  1. sensory –v (info gets lost b/c its not encoded)
  2. sensory –encoding–> 2. short term
  3. short term (info gets lost b/c its not encoded)
  4. short term–encoding–> 3. long term
  5. long term (info lost due to retrival failure)
  6. long term–retriveal–> 2. short term
38
Q

levels of processing model
(types of encoding and encoding strategies)

structural (weak)
acoustic (better)
semantic (best)

A
  1. sensory –v (info gets lost b/c its not encoded)
  2. sensory –encoding–> 2. short term
  3. short term (info gets lost b/c its not encoded)
  4. short term–encoding–> 3. long term
  5. long term (info lost due to retrival failure)
  6. long term–retriveal–> 2. short term
39
Q 
peg words
(types of encoding and encoding strategies)
A

a mnemonic technique for memorizing lists by pre-memorizing a list of words that are easy to associate with the numbers they represent.

  • one bun
  • two shoe
  • three tree
40
Q 
positive transfer
(types of encoding and encoding strategies)
A

the process of one skill helping the learning and performance of a separate but similar skill

41
Q 
selective attention
(types of encoding and encoding strategies)
A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail effect

42
Q

self-reference effect

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A

self-reference effect be explained by perceiving the self concept as a schema or prototype that, when activated, can process and store information relevant to the self more easily than irrelevant information

43
Q

serotonin

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A

serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body.
involved in regulation of sleep and wakerfulness, eating and agression

44
Q 
spacing effect
(types of encoding and encoding strategies)
A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

45
Q

von restorff effect

types of encoding and encoding strategies

A

iii. Von Restorff Effect - tendency of people to recall unusual material better than common material

46
Q

chemicals of learning

A

serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine = helps memory

cortisol & epinephrine = hormones during stress

creb protein = reshape synapses and helps LTP

47
Q

alzheimer’s

forgetting

A

an age related disease characterized by memory loss, mental confusion, and, in its later stages, by a nearly total loss of mental abilities.

48
Q

amnesia (organic)

forgetting

A

as a result of a physical injury
a significant memory loss that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting.
inorganic: not as a result of a physical injury

49
Q

anterograde amnesia

forgetting

A

Loss of memories for events that occur after a head injury.

50
Q

repression

forgetting

A

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

51
Q

retrograde amnesia

forgetting

A

loss of memories for events that occurred prior to a head injury.

52
Q 
retroactive interference
(forgetting)
A

a memory problem that occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information

53
Q

tip-of-tounge phenomenon

forgetting

A

A temporary inability to remember something accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach.

54
Q

deja vu

forgetting

A

is the false sense that you have already experienced a current situation.

55
Q

infantile amnesia

forgetting

A

the inability to remember events that occurred during one’s early years (before age three)

56
Q 
memory construction
(forgetting)
A

we unconsciously change our memory depending on prior associations and new information

57
Q

misinformation effect

forgetting

A

is the tendency of eyewitnesses to an event to incorporate misleading information about the event into their memories. At the heart of many false memories, source amnesia refers to misattributing an event to the wrong sourc

58
Q

motivated forgetting

forgetting

A

the inability to retrieve information because the person derives some benefit from not remembering

59
Q

next-in-line effect

forgetting

A

when next in line, we focus on our own performance and often fail to process the last person’s words

60
Q 
proactive interference
(forgetting)
A

a memory problem that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.

61
Q 
reconstuctive memory
(forgetting)
A

the idea that we alter information we have stored when we recall it, based on prior expectations/ knowledge.

62
Q

rosy retrospection

forgetting

A

tendency to recall events more favorably than when they occurred

63
Q

serial position effect –> primary & recency effects

forgetting

A

Tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be learned better than items in the middle

64
Q 
source amnesia (source misattribution)
(forgetting)
A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
Occur when individuals misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory

65
Q

weapons effect

forgetting

A

when in a traumatic event like a kidnapping one focuses on the weapon aimed towards them more than anything usually letting the victim forget the kidnappers or aggressors face

66
Q

herman ebbinguaus

  • –> nonsense syllables exp.
  • –> foretting curve
A

by memorizing long lists of nonsense syllables, he found that the forgetting curve shows the greatest amount of forgetting in the first few hours, then drops off

curve: 1. memories of meaningless information is lost shortly after learning
2. initial plunge: levels off-slowly declines until completely forgotten

67
Q

elizabeth loftus

—> misinformation effect and recovered memories of child hood trauma research

A

cognition and memory; studied repressed memories and false memories; showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony

68
Q

george miller

—> study of iconic memory

A

said short-term memories limited on average to about 7 items; performed experiments titled “the magical number seven, plus or minus two”

69
Q

george sperling

–> flashing letters experiment

A

demonstrated sensory memory in a series of experiments in which he flashed a grid of nine letters, three rows and three columns, to participants for 1/20th of a second

70
Q

aplysia snail

A

while learning occurs, the aplysia snail releases more of the neurotransmitter serotonin at certain synapses, which become more efficient at transmitting signals.

71
Q

h.m. and importance of the hippocampus

A

Severe epilepsy

  • Brain surgery at age 27
  • Removal of temporal lobe region, including hippocampus
  • No longer could form new EXPLICIT memories
  • BUT- Could still form IMPLICIT memories
  • retrograde amnesia
72
Q

scuba diving context cues effect study

A

researchers demonstrated that the memory of deep sea divers for events witnessed underwater was reduced after resurfacing

73
Q

eye witness testimony accuracy research

A

one of world’s leading authorities on memory. research shows that “eyewitness memory” are wrong and prone to be filled with mistakes that the person witness “inserts” into recovered memory. Used by laywers/juries

ap psychology (11 decks)

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