unit 6 drugs and sensation

Question 1

nociceptor

Answer 1

sensory receptors that detect hurtful stimuli by sending signals to the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

melzack and wall’s theory of pain sensation and perception

Answer 2

aka the gate theory

Melzack and Wall suggest that before the information is transmitted to the brain, the pain messages encounter “nerve gates” that control whether these signals are allowed to pass through to the brain. In some cases, the signals are passed along more readily and pain is experienced more intensely.

Question 3

perception

Answer 3

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information; enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Question 4

lamaze method

Answer 4

a variation of the method of natural childbirth in which the mother learns about childbirth anatomy and physiology and practices pain management through relaxation, massage, and breathing exercises. The mother is aware and active during labor, guided by her partner, who shares in the birth experience (e.g., as a supportive coach). The method neither encourages nor discourages the use of medication during labor and delivery.

Question 5

olfaction

Answer 5

Olfaction. The sense of smell. Olfactory Nerve. The nerve that carries impulses from the olfactory receptors in the nose to the brain.

Question 6

olfactory bulb

Answer 6

is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell. area in front of the brain above the most rails

Question 7

gustation

Answer 7

he mouth’s ability to tell the difference between sweet, sour, bitter , and salty properties. transduction. the process by which a virus transfers bacteria to another.

Taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction) are called chemical senses because both have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air

Question 8

papilae

Answer 8

small buds on tounge that contains taste buds. are replaced every seven days

Question 9

phantom sensation

Answer 9

the brain can misinterpret the spontaneous central nervous system activity that occurs in the absence of normal sensory input

Question 10

umami

Answer 10

flavor enhancer, monosodium glutamate. meaty taste.

Question 11

kinesthesis

Answer 11

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Question 12

vestibular sense

Answer 12

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

Question 13

cochlea

Answer 13

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner-ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

Question 14

organ of corti

Answer 14

neurons activated by movement of the hair cells. when the fluid moves, the hair cells move and transduction occurs. the organ of corti fires, and these impulses are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve.

Question 15

outer ear

Answer 15

Channels sound waves through the auditory canal towards the eardrum

Question 16

middle ear

Answer 16

Consists of three small bones–the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, called the ossicles.

Question 17

inner ear

Answer 17

Consists of the cochlea, the semicircular canals, oval window, basilar membrane, auditory nerve, and hair cells

Question 18

eardrum

Answer 18

aka tympanic membrane.

a thin membrane that vibrates as the sound waves hit. next to the ossicles.

Question 19

semicircular canals

Answer 19

Three nearly circular tubes in the vestibular organ that inform the brain about tilts of the head and body.

Question 20

oval window

Answer 20

The membrane of the inner ear that vibrates, creating sound waves in the fluid of the cochlea.

Question 21

basilar membrane

Answer 21

One of the membranes that separate the two tubes of the cochlea and on which the organ of Corti rests. fluids in the cochlea makes the basilar membrane vibrate.

Question 22

auditory nerve

Answer 22

the cranial nerve that carries sound from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain

within the brain, auditory imput (sounds) is projected onto the hearing areas of the cerebral cortex

Question 23

hair cells

Answer 23

The auditory receptors that transform vibrations caused by sound waves into neural impulses that are then transmitted to the brain via the Auditory nerve.

Question 24

audition

Answer 24

The sense of hearing.

Question 25

frequency theory

Answer 25

The belief that pitch depends on the frequency of the vibration of the basilar membrane and the volley of neural impulses transmitted to the brain via the Auditory Nerve.

Question 26

pitch

Answer 26

The highness or lowness of a sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound wave.

Question 27

conduction deafness

Answer 27

A form of deafness, usually involving damage to the middle ear, in which there is a loss of hearing of conduction of sound vibrations through the ear.

Question 28

wavelength

Answer 28

determines hue
wide red
thin purple

Question 29

amplitude

Answer 29

loudness (decibels)

height of the wave

Question 30

frequency

Answer 30

length of the wave
determines pitch (megahertz)