unit 6 drugs and sensation Flashcards
nociceptor
sensory receptors that detect hurtful stimuli by sending signals to the brain and spinal cord
melzack and wall’s theory of pain sensation and perception
aka the gate theory
Melzack and Wall suggest that before the information is transmitted to the brain, the pain messages encounter “nerve gates” that control whether these signals are allowed to pass through to the brain. In some cases, the signals are passed along more readily and pain is experienced more intensely.
perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information; enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
lamaze method
a variation of the method of natural childbirth in which the mother learns about childbirth anatomy and physiology and practices pain management through relaxation, massage, and breathing exercises. The mother is aware and active during labor, guided by her partner, who shares in the birth experience (e.g., as a supportive coach). The method neither encourages nor discourages the use of medication during labor and delivery.
olfaction
Olfaction. The sense of smell. Olfactory Nerve. The nerve that carries impulses from the olfactory receptors in the nose to the brain.
olfactory bulb
is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell. area in front of the brain above the most rails
gustation
he mouth’s ability to tell the difference between sweet, sour, bitter , and salty properties. transduction. the process by which a virus transfers bacteria to another.
Taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction) are called chemical senses because both have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air
papilae
small buds on tounge that contains taste buds. are replaced every seven days
phantom sensation
the brain can misinterpret the spontaneous central nervous system activity that occurs in the absence of normal sensory input
umami
flavor enhancer, monosodium glutamate. meaty taste.
kinesthesis
the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
vestibular sense
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner-ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.
organ of corti
neurons activated by movement of the hair cells. when the fluid moves, the hair cells move and transduction occurs. the organ of corti fires, and these impulses are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve.
outer ear
Channels sound waves through the auditory canal towards the eardrum
middle ear
Consists of three small bones–the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, called the ossicles.
inner ear
Consists of the cochlea, the semicircular canals, oval window, basilar membrane, auditory nerve, and hair cells
eardrum
aka tympanic membrane.
a thin membrane that vibrates as the sound waves hit. next to the ossicles.
semicircular canals
Three nearly circular tubes in the vestibular organ that inform the brain about tilts of the head and body.
oval window
The membrane of the inner ear that vibrates, creating sound waves in the fluid of the cochlea.
basilar membrane
One of the membranes that separate the two tubes of the cochlea and on which the organ of Corti rests. fluids in the cochlea makes the basilar membrane vibrate.
auditory nerve
the cranial nerve that carries sound from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain
within the brain, auditory imput (sounds) is projected onto the hearing areas of the cerebral cortex
hair cells
The auditory receptors that transform vibrations caused by sound waves into neural impulses that are then transmitted to the brain via the Auditory nerve.
audition
The sense of hearing.
frequency theory
The belief that pitch depends on the frequency of the vibration of the basilar membrane and the volley of neural impulses transmitted to the brain via the Auditory Nerve.
pitch
The highness or lowness of a sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound wave.
conduction deafness
A form of deafness, usually involving damage to the middle ear, in which there is a loss of hearing of conduction of sound vibrations through the ear.
wavelength
determines hue
wide red
thin purple
amplitude
loudness (decibels)
height of the wave
frequency
length of the wave determines pitch (megahertz)
