unit four: testing and individual deifferences (baron's 11, mods 31-33) Flashcards
francis galton
a pioneer in the study of human intelligence and testing, who initiated the use of surveys for collecting data and developed and applied statistics toward its analysis.
standardized test
the test items have been piloted on a similar population of people as those who are meant to take the test and that achievement norms have been established
standardized sample
those people taking the SAT on a particular testing date are fairly representative of the population of people taking the SAT in general.
psychometricians
(people who make tests) use the performance of the standardization sample om the experimental sections to choose items for future tests.
reliability
refers to the repeatability or consistency of the test as a means of measurement
ex: think of it as you take three trials of the SAT. you get a 1460, 1480, 1420. it is fair to say that the test is reliable because you scored similarly.
split-half reliability
involves randomly dividing a test into two different sections and then correlating people’s performances on the two halves. the closer the correlation coefficient is to +1, the greater the split half reliability of the test.
equivalent-form reliability
the correlation between performance on the different forms of the tests
test-retest reliability
refers to the correlation between a person’s score on one administration of the test with the same person’s score on a subsequent administration of the test.
valid test
when it measures what it is supposed to measure. also referred to as the accuracy of the test.
face-validity
refers to a superficial measure of accuracy.
ex: a test of cake-baking ability has a high face validity if you are looking for a chef but low face validity if you are in the market for a doctor.
content validity
content validity refers to how well a measure reflects the entire range of material it is supposed to be testing
criterion-related validity
tests may have two kinds of criterion related validity, concurrent and predictive.
concurrent validity
measures how much of a characteristic a person has now
ex: is that person a good chef now?
predictive validity
a measure of future performance
ex: does that person have the qualities that would enable him or her to be a good chef?
construct validity
is thought to be the most meaningful kind of validity.
aptitude tests
measure ability or potential
achievement tests
measures what one has learned or accomplished
speed tests
generally consists of large numbers of questions asked in a short amount of time
power test
is to gauge the difficulty level of problems an individual can solve. power tests consist of increasing difficulty levels.
group tests
group tests are administered to a large number of people at the same time
intelligence
defined as the ability to gather and use information n productive ways
fluid intelligence
refers to our ability to solve abstract problems and pick up new information and skills. decreases as adults age
crystallized intelligence
involves using knowledge accumulated over time. holds steady or even increases as one ages.
charles spearman
argues that intelligence could be expressed by a single factor. he used factor analysis, a statistical technique that measures the correlations between different items, to conclude that underlying the many different specific abilities that people regard as types of intelligence is a single factor that he named g for general.
howard gardner mi (multiple intelligence) theory
also subscribes to the idea of multiple intelligence
- linguistic
- logical-mathematical
- spatial
- musical
- bodily-kinesthetic
- intrapersonal
- interpersonal
- naturalist intelligence
daniel goleman
EQ: emotional intelligence.
roughly corresponds with gardener’s notions of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. researchers say that those with high IQs aren’t always successful people they need both EQ and IQ to succeed.
robert sternberg
contemporary researcher who has offered a somewhat nontraditonal definition of intelligence.
sternberg’s trirchic theory
holds that three types of intelligence exsist.
- componenetial/analytical: involves the skills traditional thought of as reflecting intelligence. compare, contrast, analyze and explain.
2.
sternberg’s trirchic theory
1. componenetial/analytical intelligence
involves the skills traditional thought of as reflecting intelligence. compare, contrast, analyze and explain.
sternberg’s trirchic theory
2.experimental/creative intelligence
focuses on people’s ability to use their knowledge and experiences in new and innovative ways.
sternberg’s trirchic theory
3. contextual/practical intelligence
considred street-smart they are able to apply what they know to real-world situations
practical intelligence
raises another important and unresolved issue in the study of intelligence: does intelligence depend on context?
devising an intelligence test can be hard because he believes intelligent behavior depends on context.
alfred binet
frenchman who wanted to design a test that would identify which children needed special attention in schools. his purpose was not to rank but to find ways to tailor to kids with special needs.
mental age: alfred binet
idea that presupposes that intelligence increases as one gets older. the average 10 year old child has a mental age of 10. when this average child grows to age 12 he will have the mental age of 12 or is supposed to.
louis terman
stanford proffesor, used this system to create the measure we know as IQ and the test know as the Stanford-Binet IQ test
IQ/ Standford-Binet IQ test
intelligence quotient.
divide mental age by their chronoligcal age and multiply by 100. so i would be 170 (lmao)
Terman assigned all adults an arbitrary age of 20
david wechsler
used three different ways to measure intelligence.
verbal and performance
wechsler adult intelligence scale (wais): tests adults
wechsler scale for childer (wisc): kids 6-16
wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence (wppsi): kids as young as 4
deviation iq
the tests are standardized so that the mean is 100, the standard deviation is 15, and the scores from a normal distribution.
heritability
is measure of how much of a trait’s variation is explained by genetic factors. ranges from 0-1. 0 being the environment is totally responsible and 1 being all of the variation in the trait can be accounted for genetically.
refers to the extent to which differences among people are attributable to genes.
applied to a population not individual
we can never say what percentage an individual’s intelligence is inherted.
flynn effect
performances o intelligence tests has been increasing steadily throughout the century. the effect suggests that environmental factors such as nutrition, education and media like TV play a role.
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score.
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person with limited mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
-derek and the piano
creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
mental retardation
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.
down syndrome
a condition of mental retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup.
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
found in black students verbal aptitude scores, which were lower when they took tests designed to make black students feel threatened.
who is the test grader? who are the participants?
concurrent
Test is correlated with a criterion measure that is available at the time of testing. Ex. Old IQ test vs new IQ test
Does the instrument relate to another existing criterion “now”?
ex: 500 people take test of alcoholism. correlate their scores with how significant others rate the amount they drink.
predictive
Test is correlated to a criterion that becomes available in the future. Ex. Does the SAT score predict first year college GPA
william stern
Created the IQ or intelligence quotient. Formula compared mental age and chronological age. Mental age divided by Chronological age times 100.
normal distribution
that the mean is 100, the standard deviation is 15,
bell shaped
-68% of values are within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
-95% are within 2 standard deviations.
-99.7% are within 3 standard deviations.
thurstone’s 7 clusters
Word fluency, verbal
Comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory.
guilfords structure of intellect
in this model, all mental abilities are conceptualized within a three-dimensional framework.
convergent versus divergent
c: person finding a single answer to a problem
d: responds in a creative unique way to a problem
3 Features of Intellectual Tasks
- Content - type of information
- Product - form in which the information is represented
- Operation - type of mental activity performed
IQ equation
mental age / chronological age • 100
perpetual versus neurological speed
perpetual speed: being able to examine and compare numbers letters and objects quickly
neurological speed: how fast you’re neurons react. how fast someone acquires and processes information.
