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Bio > Unit Two > Flashcards

Unit Two Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Aka plasma membrane
In animals and plants
Regulates passage of H2O, ions, CO2, O2, and other molecules in and out of the cell

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2
Q

Cell wall

A

In plants only

Protects plant cell and provides structure

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

In animals and plants
Cell “gel” and organelles
Contains minerals, organic molecules, and gases
Just the gel = cytosol

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4
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

In animals and plants
Connection of fibers that allow organelles/molecules to move around cell
Microfilament, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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5
Q

Microfilament

A

(Actin filaments), two protein chains twisted together

Movement

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6
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

More ropelike, STRONG

Cell shape and anchor organelles

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7
Q

Microtubules

A

Straight hollow tubes
Tracks for organelle/molecule movement
Cilia and flagella

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8
Q

Centrioles

A

Animals only
Microtubule triplets involved in cell division (mitosis)
Looks like two dynamite sticks crossed or multiple

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

In animals and plants
Holds DNA (genetic information)
Usually one of largest structures
Includes nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, nucleolus, DNA (chromosomes)

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10
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

In animals and plants
Has nuclear pores that regulate entrance and exit of molecules in and out of nucleus
Aka nuclear envelope

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

In animals and plants
Where RNA is made
Dot inside nucleus

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12
Q

Central vacuole

A 
In plants only
Stores water and dissolved molecules
Expels waste or water as necessary
Increases turgor pressure to provide structure
Stationary
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13
Q

Ribosome

A

In animals and plants
Proteins made here
Little dot
Attached are on the rough ER, free are just floating in the cytosol
Ribosomes are constructed in the cytoplasm

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14
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

In animals and plants
Has attached ribosomes
Proteins enter ER after they are made
Attaches off nucleus

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15
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

In animals and plants
No ribosomes attached
Produces lipids like phospholipids and steroid hormones
Attaches off nucleus

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

In animals and plants
Modify proteins using special enzymes
Looks like stack of pancakes

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17
Q

Vesicles

A

In animals and plants

Carry materials from ER to Golgi apparatus

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18
Q

Lysosomes and peroxisomes (aka digestive organelles)

A

Lysosomes break down waste or damaged organelles (ex. mitochondrion digested after ten days)
Peroxisomes break down H2O2 (contains catalase)
Ex. Taysachs (when lysosomes that break down lipids stop working)
Little dots

19
Q

Mitochondria

A 
In animals and plants
Carries out cellular respiration
"Powerhouse" of the cell
Many in muscle cells
Looks like oval with squiggly line
20
Q

Chloroplasts

A

In plants only
Make sugar (food) (glucose) through photosynthesis
Pushed to the edge of the cell by the vacuole
Look like oval with rows of small circles

21
Q

Cilia

A

Animals only
Protests
Short hair like structures that aid in cell movement

22
Q

Flagella

A

Animals only
Protests
Whiplike structure for movement
Ex. Sperm cell

23
Q

Cilia and flagella made of…

A

Microtubules

Cross section is 9+2 pattern (9 microtubules doublets and a center pair)

24
Q

Basal body

A

Anchors the flagella and cilia to the cell membrane

25
Q

Order of endomembrane system

A

Nuclear membrane, rough ER/smooth ER, Golgi body, vesicle, lysosomes, cell membrane

26
Q

Eukaryotes

A

DNA stored in membrane-bound nucleus
Contains many membrane-bound organelles (ex. mitochondria)
DNA in multiple strands (ex. humans have 46 chromosomes)
Ex. Plants and animals

27
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Free floating DNA in cytoplasm
Ex. bacteria
DNA found in loops
Outer layer called capsule (cell wall)

28
Q

Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Contain cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

29
Q

Major differences between plant and animal cells

A

Plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells don’t
Plant cells have a large permanent vacuole, animals cells have small temporary ones
Plants cells have a cell wall, animal cells don’t
Animals cells have centrioles, plant cells don’t
Animal cells and protests can have cilia/flagella, plant cells don’t

30
Q

Shape of circle bacteria, stringy bacteria, soft edged-rectangle bacteria

A

Coccus, spirillum (spiral), bacillus (rod)

31
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

32
Q

Compound light microscopes

A

Uses focused beam of light and two lenses to magnify a thin specimen

33
Q

Dissecting microscopes

A

Uses light reflected off the specimen to provide for low magnification observation
USE IN CLASS

34
Q

Scanning electron microscopes

A

Uses reflected electrons to produce an external 3-D image and provides high resolution

35
Q

Transmission electron microscopes

A

Passes beam of electrons through a specimen and focuses those electrons by magnetic lenses onto a screen of film

36
Q

First scientist to discover and name cells

A

Robert Hooke

37
Q

First to observe living cells (bacteria)

A

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

38
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

The substance inside the nucleus that performs a similar function to cytosol

39
Q

Nucleoid

A

The part of a prokaryote where all or most of the genetic material is stored
Not surrounded by a nuclear membrane

40
Q

Chromosomes

A

A thread like structure most commonly found in the nucleus that carries genetic information in the form of genes

41
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

42
Q

Bacteria

A

A big example of prokaryotic cells, can have rod shape (bacillus), spiral shape (spirillum), circle shape (coccus)

43
Q

Capsule

A

The outermost layer of bacterial cells, basically a cell wall

Bio (11 decks)

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