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DNA Stuff Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genes

A

A unit of inheritance
All of our physical characteristics are a result of the genes we inherit from our parents
Genes are located on chromosomes in the nucleus of our cells
Made of proteins and DNA

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2
Q

Who performed experiments to show DNA was the genetic material

A

Hershey and chase

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3
Q

How did they show DNA is the genetic material

A

Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect bacterial cells

Phages labeled with radioactive sulfur to detect proteins or radioactive phosphorous to detect DNA

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4
Q

Results of DNA experiment

A

Sulfur-labeled protein stayed with the phages outside the bacterial cells, phosphorous labeled DNA detected inside cell
Cells with phosphorous labeled DNA produced new bacteriophages with radioactivity in DNA but not in protein

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5
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
An organism’s genetic material that is capable of replicating
Type of macromolecule called a nucleic acid (include DNA and RNA)
Nucleic acids are long polymers made up of many monomers called nucleotides

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6
Q

Shape of DNA

A

Double helix
Discovered by Watson and crick
Two polynucleotide strands, held together by hydrogen bonds
Two strands twist to form the double helix

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7
Q

Nucleotides

A

Small molecules that bind together to form nucleic acids

Made of one sugar (deoxyribose), one phosphate group, and one nitrogenous base

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8
Q

Four nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

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9
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and guanine (larger)

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10
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine and cytosine (smaller)

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11
Q

Chargaff

A

Discovered A = T and G = C

Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs hold the two strands of DNA together

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12
Q

Strands

A

DNA’s sugar phosphate backbones run in opposite directions
Each strand has a 3’ end and a 5’ end
Primed numbers refer to the carbon atoms of the nucleotide sugars

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13
Q

Sequence of nucleotides is…

A

Different for every organism

Sequence variation = genetic variation

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14
Q

RNA

A

Single stranded nucleic acid

Functions in protein synthesis

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15
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine

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16
Q

DNA replication

A

When DNA makes a copy of itself
Replicates when a cell divides to make two new cells, each cell must have own copy of DNA
Base paring in rules provide copying mechanism for DNA

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17
Q

Semi conservative model

A

Each new copy of DNA contains one original strand and one new strand

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18
Q

How does DNA replicate

A

Requires enzymes

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19
Q

Helicase

A

Unzips a strand of DNA, exposing free bases

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20
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Adds nucleotides one at a time to the free bases

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21
Q

DNA ligase

A

Links fragments of nucleotide strands that occur on one side of the DNA molecule

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22
Q

Which side can nucleotides be added to

A

Nucleotides can only be added to the 3’ end of the parental strand of DNA

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23
Q

Daughter strand synthesized continuously

A

Goes in, starts at 3’ so it begins w 5’

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24
Q

Daughter strand synthesized in pieces

A

Okazaki fragments, goes out, starts at 3’ but goes out to 5’ so end is 3’

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25
Q

Why does DNA replicate

A

Cell replication and organism reproduction

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26
Q

Cell replication

A

Growth of the body and repair of wounds

DNA replication allows a body to grow larger because it is made of more cells

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27
Q

Organism reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction: single called organisms divide into two cells, each cell gets identical DNA
Sexual reproduction: half the DNA from two parents combine in a new cell, offspring has a mix of parents’ genes

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28
Q

Smallest to largest

A

nitrogenous base, nucleotide, gene, nucleic acid, nucleus, cell

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29
Q

strand synthesized continuously

A

leading strand

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30
Q

strand synthesized in pieces

A

lagging strand

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31
Q

central dogma of life

A

DNA becomes RNA becomes a protein

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32
Q

dna to rna

A

transcription

occurs in the nucleus

33
Q

rna to protein

A

translation

occurs on ribosome

34
Q

three types of rna

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

35
Q

mRNA

A

messenger

single-stranded

36
Q

tRNA

A

transfer

amino acid, anti-codon

37
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal

rRNA makes up ribosomes

38
Q

three stages of transcription

A

initiation, elongation, termination

39
Q

initiation

A

RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to promoter sequence (start of section to be copied)
coding strand and template strand
transcription factor and RNA polymerase

40
Q

elongation

A

the DNA elongates and the pre-mRNA copies the DNA

41
Q

termination

A

the pre-mRNA has copied, the RNA polymerase leaves, the pre-mRNA leaves

42
Q

mRNA processing

A

introns and exons, exons spliced together

43
Q

introns

A

do not code for proteins

going to be taken out

44
Q

exons

A

kept
genetic information that is expressed as proteins
eons spliced together

45
Q

G-cap

A

tells mRNA where to go once it leaves the nucleus (ribosome)

46
Q

Poly Atail

A

allows mRNA to leave nucleus (helps resist enzyme degradation)

47
Q

order of mRNA

A

g-cap, exons, Poly A tail

48
Q

codon

A

sequence of 3 RNA nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids

49
Q

translation stages

A

initiation, elongation, termination

50
Q

initiation translation

A

mRNA binds to bottom part of ribosome and tRNA binds to start codon
anti-codon on tRNA

51
Q

elongation translation

A

polypeptide chain forms as tRNA brings more amino acids to ribosome

52
Q

what are between amino acids

A

peptide bonds

53
Q

termination translation

A

stop codon reached, no more tRNAs come, ribosomes and mRNAs fall apart

54
Q

binding sites on top of ribosome

A

a, p, e

55
Q

A binding site

A

amino acid dropped off

56
Q

P binding site

A

polypeptide builds

57
Q

E binding site

A

tRNA exits

58
Q

why is DNA important

A

to make proteins

holds instructions for life

59
Q

what does DNA become

A

proteins/codes for proteins

60
Q

what catalyzes the elongation of the DNA strand

A

dna polymerase

61
Q

which end is the 5’ end

A

the one with the thing sticking off of it (phosphate group)

62
Q

how many origins/forks

A

two forks for every one origin

63
Q

point mutations

A

change in base sequence in DNA or RNA

64
Q

chromosomal mutations

A

problem with whole chromosome

65
Q

outcomes of point mutations

A

single amino acid change (substitution), missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift

66
Q

single amino acid change (substitution)

A

one base change for another base
can occur during DNA replication/transcription
ex. sickle cell anemia

67
Q

glutamic acid vs valine

A

glu has hydrophilic R-group on outside of protein

val has hydrophobic R-group on inside of protein

68
Q

missense mutation

A

creates a slightly different shape
results: could have no big effect (wobble)
could function poorly (protein could function poorly)
protein could function better (evolution)

69
Q

nonsense mutation

A

base changes produces a stop codon in the middle of the protein

70
Q

frameshift

A

always produces non-functional proteins
sperm/egg results in baby not born
adult results in cancer
insertion or deletion of one base on DNA (replication) or mRNA (transcription)

71
Q

insertions/deletions

A

a letter is added or removed
it is called mutated
all amino acids after the deletion or insertion are incorrect)

72
Q

how do mutations occur

A

chemicals called mutagens

ex: uv rays in the sun, cigarette smoke, drugs, asbestos

73
Q

parts of neuron

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals

74
Q

cerebrum

A

things you learn in school ex 2+2=4

large twisted part, curled

75
Q

cerebellum

A

high five, motions, muscle activity

circle under cerebrum

76
Q

brain stem

A

involuntary reactions, hiccups

large thing under cerebellum

77
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

looks like a seahorse, next to cerebellum

78
Q

amygdala

A

emotions

little circle off of hippocampus

79
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

decisions

smaller curly twisted part next to cerebrum

Bio (11 decks)

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