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DNA Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Genes

A

A unit of inheritance
All of our physical characteristics are a result of the genes we inherit from our parents
Genes are located on chromosomes in the nucleus of our cells
Made of proteins and DNA

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2
Q

Who performed experiments to show DNA was the genetic material

A

Hershey and chase

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3
Q

How did they show DNA is the genetic material

A

Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect bacterial cells

Phages labeled with radioactive sulfur to detect proteins or radioactive phosphorous to detect DNA

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4
Q

Results of DNA experiment

A

Sulfur-labeled protein stayed with the phages outside the bacterial cells, phosphorous labeled DNA detected inside cell
Cells with phosphorous labeled DNA produced new bacteriophages with radioactivity in DNA but not in protein

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5
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
An organism’s genetic material that is capable of replicating
Type of macromolecule called a nucleic acid (include DNA and RNA)
Nucleic acids are long polymers made up of many monomers called nucleotides

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6
Q

Shape of DNA

A

Double helix
Discovered by Watson and crick
Two polynucleotide strands, held together by hydrogen bonds
Two strands twist to form the double helix

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7
Q

Nucleotides

A

Small molecules that bind together to form nucleic acids

Made of one sugar (deoxyribose), one phosphate group, and one nitrogenous base

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8
Q

Four nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

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9
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and guanine (larger)

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10
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine and cytosine (smaller)

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11
Q

Chargaff

A

Discovered A = T and G = C

Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs hold the two strands of DNA together

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12
Q

Strands

A

DNA’s sugar phosphate backbones run in opposite directions
Each strand has a 3’ end and a 5’ end
Primed numbers refer to the carbon atoms of the nucleotide sugars

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13
Q

Sequence of nucleotides is…

A

Different for every organism

Sequence variation = genetic variation

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14
Q

RNA

A

Single stranded nucleic acid

Functions in protein synthesis

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15
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine

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16
Q

DNA replication

A

When DNA makes a copy of itself
Replicates when a cell divides to make two new cells, each cell must have own copy of DNA
Base paring in rules provide copying mechanism for DNA

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17
Q

Semi conservative model

A

Each new copy of DNA contains one original strand and one new strand

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18
Q

How does DNA replicate

A

Requires enzymes

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19
Q

Helicase

A

Unzips a strand of DNA, exposing free bases

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20
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Adds nucleotides one at a time to the free bases

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21
Q

DNA ligase

A

Links fragments of nucleotide strands that occur on one side of the DNA molecule

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22
Q

Which side can nucleotides be added to

A

Nucleotides can only be added to the 3’ end of the parental strand of DNA

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23
Q

Daughter strand synthesized continuously

A

Goes in, starts at 3’ so it begins w 5’

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24
Q

Daughter strand synthesized in pieces

A

Okazaki fragments, goes out, starts at 3’ but goes out to 5’ so end is 3’

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25
Why does DNA replicate
Cell replication and organism reproduction
26
Cell replication
Growth of the body and repair of wounds | DNA replication allows a body to grow larger because it is made of more cells
27
Organism reproduction
Asexual reproduction: single called organisms divide into two cells, each cell gets identical DNA Sexual reproduction: half the DNA from two parents combine in a new cell, offspring has a mix of parents' genes
28
Smallest to largest
nitrogenous base, nucleotide, gene, nucleic acid, nucleus, cell
29
strand synthesized continuously
leading strand
30
strand synthesized in pieces
lagging strand
31
central dogma of life
DNA becomes RNA becomes a protein
32
dna to rna
transcription | occurs in the nucleus
33
rna to protein
translation | occurs on ribosome
34
three types of rna
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
35
mRNA
messenger | single-stranded
36
tRNA
transfer | amino acid, anti-codon
37
rRNA
ribosomal | rRNA makes up ribosomes
38
three stages of transcription
initiation, elongation, termination
39
initiation
RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to promoter sequence (start of section to be copied) coding strand and template strand transcription factor and RNA polymerase
40
elongation
the DNA elongates and the pre-mRNA copies the DNA
41
termination
the pre-mRNA has copied, the RNA polymerase leaves, the pre-mRNA leaves
42
mRNA processing
introns and exons, exons spliced together
43
introns
do not code for proteins | going to be taken out
44
exons
kept genetic information that is expressed as proteins eons spliced together
45
G-cap
tells mRNA where to go once it leaves the nucleus (ribosome)
46
Poly Atail
allows mRNA to leave nucleus (helps resist enzyme degradation)
47
order of mRNA
g-cap, exons, Poly A tail
48
codon
sequence of 3 RNA nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids
49
translation stages
initiation, elongation, termination
50
initiation translation
mRNA binds to bottom part of ribosome and tRNA binds to start codon anti-codon on tRNA
51
elongation translation
polypeptide chain forms as tRNA brings more amino acids to ribosome
52
what are between amino acids
peptide bonds
53
termination translation
stop codon reached, no more tRNAs come, ribosomes and mRNAs fall apart
54
binding sites on top of ribosome
a, p, e
55
A binding site
amino acid dropped off
56
P binding site
polypeptide builds
57
E binding site
tRNA exits
58
why is DNA important
to make proteins | holds instructions for life
59
what does DNA become
proteins/codes for proteins
60
what catalyzes the elongation of the DNA strand
dna polymerase
61
which end is the 5' end
the one with the thing sticking off of it (phosphate group)
62
how many origins/forks
two forks for every one origin
63
point mutations
change in base sequence in DNA or RNA
64
chromosomal mutations
problem with whole chromosome
65
outcomes of point mutations
single amino acid change (substitution), missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift
66
single amino acid change (substitution)
one base change for another base can occur during DNA replication/transcription ex. sickle cell anemia
67
glutamic acid vs valine
glu has hydrophilic R-group on outside of protein | val has hydrophobic R-group on inside of protein
68
missense mutation
creates a slightly different shape results: could have no big effect (wobble) could function poorly (protein could function poorly) protein could function better (evolution)
69
nonsense mutation
base changes produces a stop codon in the middle of the protein
70
frameshift
always produces non-functional proteins sperm/egg results in baby not born adult results in cancer insertion or deletion of one base on DNA (replication) or mRNA (transcription)
71
insertions/deletions
a letter is added or removed it is called mutated all amino acids after the deletion or insertion are incorrect)
72
how do mutations occur
chemicals called mutagens | ex: uv rays in the sun, cigarette smoke, drugs, asbestos
73
parts of neuron
dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals
74
cerebrum
things you learn in school ex 2+2=4 | large twisted part, curled
75
cerebellum
high five, motions, muscle activity | circle under cerebrum
76
brain stem
involuntary reactions, hiccups | large thing under cerebellum
77
hippocampus
memory | looks like a seahorse, next to cerebellum
78
amygdala
emotions | little circle off of hippocampus
79
prefrontal cortex
decisions | smaller curly twisted part next to cerebrum

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