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Bio > Unit Three > Flashcards

Unit Three Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fluid-mosaic model, fluid

A

Double bonds in the fatty acid tails of phospholipid prevents tight packing
Cholesterol resists changes in membrane fluidity that is caused by temperature changes

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2
Q

Fluid mosaic model, mosaic

A

Refers to the position and various functions of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer

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3
Q

Phospholipids in the plasma membrane

A

Polar heads face out and nonpolar tails face in
Properties of the lipid bilayer make it permeable to certain substances
Nonpolar molecules can easily pass through the hydrophobic interior

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4
Q

Amphipathic molecules

A

Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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5
Q

Proteins of the plasma membrane

A

Integrins, receptor proteins, enzymatic proteins, glycoproteins, intercellular junction proteins, transport proteins

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6
Q

Integrins

A

Structure

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7
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Receive signals

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8
Q

Enzymatic proteins

A

Enzymes

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9
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Cell recognition, allows cell to recognize other cell by a sugar

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10
Q

Intercellular junction proteins

A

Connects one cell to another

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11
Q

Transport proteins

A

Transport

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12
Q

How do materials move in and out of the cell

A

Membranes are selectively permeable

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13
Q

Materials that can move easily between the phospholipids

A

Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules

Tails hydrophobic as well, can move through because most of the membrane is hydrophobic

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14
Q

Some materials move through…

Which ones

A

Transport proteins

Polar molecules and ions

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15
Q

Molecules move across the plasma membrane by

A

Passive transport and active transport

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16
Q

Passive transport

A

Energy is not needed to move molecules across the membrane

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17
Q

Three types of passive transport

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis (diffusion of water)

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18
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules can move directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane
The net movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration until equally distributed
Gases, water molecules, small, uncharged molecules, lipids (steroid hormones), and lipid soluble molecules (hydrocarbons, alcohols, some vitamins)

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19
Q

Why is diffusion important to cells and humans

A

Alveoli in the lungs
O2 that we breath in diffuses out of cell membranes of the alveoli, into our blood stream
CO2 waste diffuses through the epithelial cells of the blood vessels, to alveoli

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20
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Large, polar molecules cannot diffuse freely across the cell membrane
They need the help of transport proteins
Facilitated diffusion is the net movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration with the aid of transport proteins
Ions, sugars (glucose), amino acids, water (faster rate) through aquaporins

21
Q

How do molecules move through the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion

A

Channel and carrier proteins are specific
Channel proteins allow ions, small so lutes, and water to pass
Carrier proteins move glucose and amino acids
Facilitated diffusion is rate limited, by the number of proteins channels/carriers present in the membrane

22
Q

Why is facilitated diffusion important to cells and humans

A

Cells obtain food for cell respiration (glucose and amino acids)
Neurons communicate
Small intestine cells transport food to bloodstream
Muscle cells contract

23
Q

Osmosis

A

Water molecules can move directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane
Osmosis is the movement of free water through a semipermeable membrane when solutes can’t move through
Called water potential: tendency of water to move through a membrane
Moves from high to low
Depends on partial pressure of water and solute potential

24
Q

Movement of water

A

Water moves from side with greater water potential to lower water potential
Movement stops when partial pressure is equal on both sides

25
Q

How does osmosis help plants

A

There is a higher solute concentration inside the plant cell
Water moves into the cell (vacuole)
When the partial pressure of water equals the partial pressure of solutes then it creates TURGOR PRESSURE

26
Q

Why is osmosis important to cells and humans

A

The colon absorbs water back into the blood and other stuff that I don’t have in my notes but need to get when she posts the slideshow on classroom

27
Q

Tonicity

A

Refers to the total solute concentration of the solution outside the cell
Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

28
Q

Isotonic

A

Solutions that have equal solute concentrations as the cells they surround
NEED OTHER PART THAT DONT HAVE IN NOTES YET
No net movement of water, will stay same size

29
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solutions that have a lower solute concentration than the cells they surround

30
Q

What will happen to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution

A

The cell will gain water and swell
If the cell bursts it’s called lysis
In plant cells with rigid cell walls, this creates turgor pressure

31
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solutions that have a higher solute coned train than the cell it surround

32
Q

What will happen to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution

A

The cell will lose water and shrink
In plant cells, the central vacuole will shrink and the plasma membrane will pull away from the cell wall
This shrinking is called plasmolysis

33
Q

Phosphorylate

A

Introduce a phosphate group into (a molecule or compound)

34
Q

Cholesterol

A

Resists changes in membrane fluidity that are caused by temperature changes

35
Q

Glycolipids

A

Carbohydrate attached to a phospholipid in the cell membrane

36
Q

Protozoans

A

A single-celled microscopic animal of a group of phyla of the kingdom Protista, such as an amoeba, flagella, ciliate, or sporozoan

37
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

A membrane-enveloped cellular organelle, found in many microorganism so that periodically expands, filling with water, then contracts, expelling its contents to the cell exterior, thought to be important in maintaining hydrostatic equilibrium

38
Q

Catalyze

A

To cause or accelerate a reaction by acting as a catalyst

39
Q

Active transport

A

Molecules move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration with the aid of ATP energy
Requires transport proteins called Pumps
Against concentration gradient

40
Q

Active transport

A

Brings in essential molecules; ions, amino acids, glucose, nucleotides
Maintains internal conditions different from the environment (life)
Vesicle with something attaches to and fuses with cell membrane, releases thing inside out the cell

41
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Three sodium ions move out of the cell, two potassium ions move into the cell
Used to establish an electrochemical gradient across neuron cell membranes

42
Q

Exocytosis

A

Active transport
Movement of large molecules bound in vesicles out of the cell with the aid of ATP energy
Proteins and polysaccharides, whole cells, hormones, mucus, neurotransmitters, waste

43
Q

Endocytosis

A

Movement of large molecules into the cell by engulfing them in vesicles, using ATP energy
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

44
Q

Channel proteins

A

Chanel for lipid insoluble molecules and ions to pass freely through
Ions, small solutes, and water

45
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Bind to a substance and carry it across membrane, changing shape in process
Glucose and amino acids

46
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating
Engulfing large molecules, whole cells, bacteria
Macrophages ingesting bacteria or worn out red blood cells
Unicellular organisms engulfing food particles

47
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking
Engulfing liquids and small molecules dissolved in liquids, unspecific what enters
Intestinal cells, kidney cells, plant root cells

48
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

NEED

49
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Movement of very specific molecules into the cell with the use of vesicles coated with proteins
When specific molecules bind to the receptor proteins, then this stimulates the molecules to be engulfed in a coated vesicle
Ex. Uptake of cholesterol (LDL) by animal cells

Bio (11 decks)

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