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Unit Four Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does all of the energy on earth come from

A

The sun

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2
Q

What do plants do w energy

A

Through photosynthesis they convert it into chemical energy

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3
Q

Fundamental function of cellular respiration

A

Generating ATP for cellular work

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4
Q

Balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

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5
Q

Why does hydrogen atom movement represent electron transfers

A

Each hydrogen atom consists of an electron and a proton so where the hydrogen goes an electron goes

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6
Q

Oxidation

A

The loss of electrons

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7
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

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8
Q

Why do oxidation and reduction go together

A

Electron transfer requires both a donor and an acceptor

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9
Q

In cellular respiration glucose gets… and O2 gets…

A

Oxidized, reduced

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10
Q

Two key players in oxidizing glucose

A

Dehydrogenase and NAD+, NAD+ is a electron shuttler in redox reactions

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11
Q

What is NAD+ + H?

A

NADH

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12
Q

Is NADH oxidized or reduced

A

Reduced

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13
Q

O2

A

At end of electron transport chain. Final electron acceptor

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14
Q

Three main stages of cellular respiration and where they occur in cell

A
  1. Glycolysis in cytoplasmic fluid
  2. Citric acid cycle in mitochondria
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and inner mitochondrion membrane
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15
Q

Half step

A

Grooming of pyruvate, between steps one and two, pyruvate decomposes, letting off CO2 and attaching to Acetyl CoA

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16
Q

How is sunlight energy converted to useable cell energy

A

Part I: photosynthesis
-captures solar energy and stores it in bonds of glucose
Part II: cellular respiration
-releases energy stored in glucose into smaller energy packers called ATP

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17
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> (light) —> C6H12O6

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18
Q

Glucose to

Oxygen to

A

Oxidized to CO2

Reduced to H2O

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19
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate
Source of energy
Used by cells to do chemical reactions
Rechargeable

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20
Q

How does ATP get energy and transfer energy to molecules in cells

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and chemiosmosis

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21
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Substrate = molecules that bind to enzyme
Molecule with phosphate group AND ADP bind to enzyme
Enzyme causes P to transfer from molecule to ADP to make ATP

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22
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Electrochemical gradient of H+ ions causes an H+ flow through ATP synthase (enzyme/protein)
ATP synthase joins P to ADP to make ATP by harnessing power of H+ flow

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23
Q

ATP releases energy (P) for other molecules to do work

A
  1. Active transport

2. Movement of organelles on “cytoskeleton highway”

24
Q

Cell respiration takes place in the cell’s mitochondria

A

100-1000s of mitochondria in each cell

2 outer membranes (sign/evidence for endosymbiosis)

25
Q

Inner membrane

A

First one
Highly folded folks called cristae
Chemiosmosis happens here
More surface area for chemical reactions

26
Q

Intermembrane space

A

Second one

Stores H+ to create concentration gradient

27
Q

Matrix

A

Third one
Very inner part of mitochondrion
Locale where a series of chemical reactions strip off H+ from glucose (citric acid/krebs cycle)

28
Q

Three steps of cellular respiration and what they do

A

Glycolysis, breaking down of glucose (cytoplasm)
Citric acid/Krebs cycle, stripping of H+ (matrix)
Oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain and chemiosmosis (cristae) (inner membrane)

29
Q

Glycolysis

A 
Splitting of sugar
Anaerobic process (no O2 needed yet)
Add two ATP to get process going
Produce four ATP 
Two net ATP produced
Series of ten chemical reactions
Starts with glucose
NAD+ is the uber, carries electrons from one place to another
H is energy from glucose
30
Q

Bacteria

A

Bacteria only need a little energy so use this

Humans too active, need more ATP than glycolysis makes

31
Q

Glycolysis products

A

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate (2 C3), 2 net ATP

32
Q

Glycolysis with oxygen present

A

Aerobic respiration, we need O2, ATP

33
Q

Glycolysis with oxygen absent

A

Fermentation (anaerobic)

Remove H from NADH so that NAD+ can go back to glycolysis

34
Q

Two types of fermentation

A

Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

35
Q

Pyruvate grooming

A

3C (pyruvate) from glycolysis (too large to enter mitochondrion)
Exhale (release) CO2
Coenzyme A goes in, functional group from cytoplasm
NAD+ to NADH, what comes out is Acetyl CoA, helps C2 get into mitochondria

36
Q

Products of pyruvate grooming

A

NADH, CO2, Acetyl CoA

37
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Help C2 get into mitochondria

38
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

2 Acetyl CoA/ because two pyruvate soldiers formed in glycolysis, two cycles happening at once
Acetyl CoA is a well connected celebrity, drops off two C and picks up more
6C bonds with Acetyl CoA, releases CoA, makes 6 carbon (citrate)
Releases 2 CO2, four carbon left
NAD+ to NADH (released)
ATP
FAD to FADH2
Redox reactions happening

39
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Uses electron transport and chemiosmosis in mitochondria
Energy from citric acid cycle used to pump H+ into intermembrane space
Oxygen receives electrons (very electronegative)

40
Q

Rotenone, consider, carbon monoxide

A

Blocks electron transport chain
No H+ gradient
Prevents O2 and H from binding

41
Q

Oligomycin

A

Blocks chemiosmosis

Creates leaky H+ ions

42
Q

Fermentation

A

Alternate respiration pathway that enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen
Metabolic pathway that generates ATP during ATP during fermentation is glycolysis, uses no O2
To oxidize glucose in glycolysis, NAD+ must be rpe sent as an electron acceptor
When under anaerobic conditions, where oxygen is not present, fermentation provides an anaerobic path for recycling NADH back to NAD+

43
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

Regulates redox reactions

44
Q

How many does one NADH yield

A

Maximum 3 ATP

45
Q

How many does one FADH2 yield

A

Maximum two ATP

46
Q

cell respiration

A

The process of breaking down “food” (glucose molecules) in the presence of oxygen, ATP molecules (cell energy molecules) are produced.

Much of it happens in the mitochondria.

47
Q

glycolysis

A

One molecule of glucose (6 carbons) is converted into two 3 carbon pyruvic acid molecules. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cytoplasm and is considered anaerobic because no oxygen is required during this process. 2 ATP molecules needed to start the process.
4 ATP are actually produced,
2 ATP = net gain

48
Q

citric acid cycle

A

1) Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is converted to Acetyl “CoA” which is broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2) in a series of energy-extracting reactions.
2) It is an aerobic process (requires O2) & is located in the mitochondrion. The inner folds called cristae increases the surface area for chemical reactions involved in cell respiration.(more ATPS made)3) For each 3-carbon pyruvic acid, 1 ATP is produced. Therefore a total of 2 ATPs are produced from one glucose.4) Protons (H+ ions) and electrons are carried by special compounds (NADH & FADH2) from Krebs Cycle for use in the Electron Transport Chain.

49
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

Takes place within the mitochondria.
2) Electrons are carried & ATPs are produced: High energy electrons from Krebs cycle are passed from one “electron carrier” to the next.
Energy given off from this process permits ATP synthase located on the inner membrane to produce ATPs.
3) One glucose molecule is responsible for the gain of 34 ATP molecules from E.T.
4) Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the chain. The O2, electrons are combined with hydrogen ions to produce H2O.Due to the proton concentration gradient produced, the protons diffuse back across the membrane to the matrix, through ATP synthase enzyme complex.
This is called chemiosmosis.
It produces 34 ATPs.

50
Q

glycolysis start, end, products

A

starts with 1 glucose, during 2 atp and 2 nadh released, end result is 2 pyruvate
2 net atp
what goes in is also 2 adp and 2 phosphate groups (2 atp), 2 nad+

51
Q

pyruvate grooming start, end, products

A

starts with one pyruvate, during co2 and nadh released, 2 carbon left from pyruvate combines with coenzyme a to make one acetyl CoA
0 net atp
what else goes in is nad+ and coenzyme a

52
Q

citric acid cycle start, end, products

A

starts with one acetyl CoA, joins with four carbon after coa leaves, during 2 co2, 3 nadh, one atp, one fadh2 released
what else goes in is four carbon, 3nad+, adp + p, fad

53
Q

oxidative phosphorylation start, end, products

A

starts with nadh and fadh2 shuttling electrons through the etc, creates h+ gradient, h+ go through inner membrane through atp synthase, gives atp synthase power, then can combine p and adp to make atp
34 net atp

54
Q

Protist

A

Single called organism, doesn’t need oxidative phosphorylation

55
Q

Final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic is NADH

Aerobic is o2

56
Q

Taxis

A

NADH fadh2 and acetyl CoA

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