Unit Two Flashcards
Pavlov identified two types of reflexes
Conditional and unconditional
Higher order conditioning definition
A neutral stimulus is paired with a well established conditional stimulus
Trace conditioning
The CS begins and ends before the U.S. Appears
Delayed conditioning
The CS ends only after the U.S. Begins
Contiguity in Pavlovian conditioning
Interval between the CS and US
If one part of a compound stimulus fails to become a CS what has occurred
Overshadowing
According to stimulus substitution theory,what substitutes for the U.S.
The CS
Eleven things that impact success of Pavlovian conditioning
How the CS and us are paired , their contingency, contiguity, stimulus features, prior experience with CS and U.S. , number of pairings, intertrial interval, age, temperament, emotional state / stress
What century did Pavlov switch career focus
19 th century
Pavlov won s Nobel prize in
Physiology he studied the digestive system with the use of dogs and the salivary ducts
Why did he say the glands had a kind of intelligence
They salivated more for harder food and less for soft food
What had pavlov called the secretions with the bell
Psychic secretions
Unconditional reflex definition
Largely inborn and usually permsnent reflexes found in all members of s species and with little individual variation. Includes the unconditional stimulus and the behavior it evokes / unconditional response
Conditional reflex definition
Not present at birth, acquired with experience, and not permanent
Includes the conditional stimulus snd response
Pavlovian conditioning def and aka
Aka classical or respondent conditioning. The repeated pairing of the U.S. And CS . Each pairing Is s trial eventually the CS will be able to elicit the cr . The CS IS ALWAYS BEFORE THE US
2 imp aspects of Pavlovian conditioning
1) the two stimuli are presented regardless of what the organism does
2) the behavior involves a reflex
Ex of Pavlovian conditioning with reproductive advantage
Work by graham and desjardin that crested a CS that eventually resulted in sexual arouxsl which would make mating faster
Stats experiment illustrating higher order conditioning
They paired random words with words that were associated with feelings. Found the random words when paired enough times also became CS for those feelings
Response latency with Pavlovian
Interval of onset of CS and the response
Test trials def
Present the CS alone every now and then to show if it is s conditioned response or not
Aka probe trials
Intensity or amplitude of CR
At first they are often quite weak and then the respond increases rapidly
Pseudo conditioning
A strong stimulus such as a needle jab can sensitize you to other stimuli so that you react more or less as you would react to the strong stimulus
Can overcome this by randomly pairing them together and sometimes alone
Ex trace conditioning outside the lab
Flash of lightning and a second later crash of thunder
Short delay conditioning and long delay
Describes the time before the U.S. Appears
Short delaye the CS may persist for a few milliseconds
Long the CS it may last s couple seconds or minutes before the U.S.
Lone delay conditioning what happens to the CR latency
It increases eventually the cr doesn’t appear until just before the U.S.
Simultaneous conditioning
CS and us coincide exactly same time and end at the same time. It’s a weak procedure
Backward conditioning
CS follows the U.S. . Very difficult if not impossible to establish cr with this way
Contingency
Is a kind of if-then statement where one event is contingent / dependent on the other. The rate of conditioning depends on contingency
Contiguity
Closeness in time or space between two events. In trace conditioning it’s the interval between the end of the CS and the startU.S. In delayed its the the interval between the onset of the U.S. And the CS. More contiguous the faster the cr
Which are usually better short or long intervals
Usually short- more of an effect with trace conditioning
Compound stimulus
Which the CS is composed of two or more stimuli. The compound stimulus is paired with a U.S. For one or more trials . Then present the compound stimulus and each component of the CS alone.
Overshadowing
The effect of one stimulus overshadows the effect of the other almost completely . Strong stimulus overshadow weak stimulus stronger stimulus usually result in better results
Is it possible for a CS or us to be too intense
Yes if it results in a a different response that may interfere wit learning
Internal or external receptors best for Pavlovian
If the U.S. Or CS affect the same type
Latent inhibition definition
The appearance of a stimulus in the absence of a U.S. Interferes with the subsequent ability of the stimulus to become a CS
Blocking
One stimulus interferes with the ability of another to become a CS . Occurs with compound stimuli different than overshadowing as it has to do with prior experience of one affecting the compound stimulus
Sensory preconditioning
A stimulus will become s CS more rapidly if we it has been paired with another stimulus that has since become s CS
Graph of number of CS us pairings
Deaccelersting curve where the first couple pairings have the most effect - could be important for survival
Intertrial intervals
Time between trials, can very several seconds to years 20-30 seconds may be optimal
Extinction definition
Repeatedly presenting the CS without the U.S. . Can be seen as conditioning in the absence of the U.S.
Spontaneous recovery
Sudden reappearance of the cr after extinction . Therefore may need to be extinguished on several occasions
Extinction and relearning
The cr can usually be reestavlished faster
Stimulus subtraction theory
Issue ?
The cr snd ur are excitation of the same part of the brain, the CS merely substitutes for the ur by invoking the reflex response
Issue: the cr and ur are not always the same response s d the cr is weaker snd less reliable sometimes they are even different ex. Ur to sho k is is an increase in hr whereas the CS is often a decrease in heart rate
Preparatory response theory
What is learned during Pavlovian conditioning is the response to prepare for the appearance of the U.S.
Ex- the dog is preparing to digest food
With drugs the CS may help compensate for the effects of the U.S. . Results in drug tolerance and can result in drug overdose if the conditions are not met.
Is awareness necessary for Pavlovian conditioning
No simpler organisms do not need it.
Albert became fearful of the rat because
The arrival of the rat regularly preceded a loud noise
Prejudice is an example of
A conditioned emotional response
The repeated pairing of children or pictures of children with what might result in pedophilia
Sexual stimulation
In the Garcia experiment the CS is what and the U.S. Is
Saccharin and us is radiation
First person to study human emotions systematically
John b Watson
However before Watson Pavlov explored conditioned fear in dogs
Watson found what ? They are Called
Objects that are paired with emotion arousing items will soon come to elicit those emotions as well this is called conditioned emotional responses
His work was important to understand emotional disorders and irrational fears phobias
The Albert study
They paired sudden loud noises with s white rat to induce a phobia
Mary clover jones experiment
Used counter conditioning where Pavlovian procedures to reverse the unwanted effects of conditioning. Jones paired s CS for fear the rabbit with s positive us milk snd crackers . The rabbit was brought closer and closer until eventually it could be on his lap . Was with s boy named Peter ( Peter rabbit)
Systemic desensitization
S procedure in which a phobic person imagines a very weak form of the frightening CS while relaxed
Virtual reality technology
Creates s highly realistic electronic simulation of an environment . Expose to low level fearful stimuli snd eventually increase the stimuli
Conditioned suppression
Reduction in the rate due to exposure to an aversive CS
Can be seen with when someone loses s job they est less, are less happy, uncomfortable etc.
Stats experiment with prejudice
Paired s neutral word with one that was a CS for s positive or negative emotional response . The feelings aroused by the words depended on the emotional value of the words which they were paired .
Ex Of conditioned emotional responses with prejudice
To overcome?
Muslims and hijacking and killing with terrorists
May be beneficial to pair the CS words with positive words
Advertising techniques
Usually pair their products with stimuli that elicit positive emotions ex sexually attractive people or pairing it with s celebrity
Another technique is to pair competing products with stimuli that arouse negative emotions
Stuart et al. Study with toothpaste
Paired the toothpaste with neutral or positive feelings . Found that people chose it more if paired with positive feelings
Paraphalias definition
Achieve sexual pleasure in perverse and unnatural ways
Ex voyeurism view someone engaged in sexual activity ,exhibitionism display ones genitals, fetishism, transvestism, sadism , maschocism, pedophilia, and rape
How do paraphilias develop
A painful or degrading experience paired with sexual stimulation
Aversion therapy
A CS that elicits inappropriate sexual arousal is paired with a U.S. That elicited an unpleasant often nauseous response . Then becomes conditioned to see the CS as nauseous
Lavin and colleague study with aversion study
S man that enjoyed dressing in women’s clothing. They took photos of him in women’s clothing. Then he took an emetic drug that caused nausea and then viewed the photographs with the researchers discussing what he did
Criticism with aversion therapy
Dangerous for what it is used for
And often require boosters
Conditioned taste aversion
A food becomes a CS for nausea . Garcia snd the rats with sweet water and uv showed taste aversion. Can have survival value and develops quickly and inspite of long delays
Latent inhibition and taste aversions
More likely to develop aversions to novel foods do than to familiar ones
Guatavsons study with coyotes and taste aversion
He left s lamb that made the coyotes sick to give them taste aversions to lambs
Chemotherapy and taste aversions
Makes people sick and create taste aversions that can impact diet
Conditioned allergic reactions
Ex person that is allergic to tomatoes looks at the. Snd breaks out in hives and had high blood histamine levels may be the sight smell or look that results in the allergic reaction
Chemotherapy and suppressed immune function
The conditions that chemo were administered in may actually suppress the immune system
Boosting immune system
Could boost the immune system by pairing s neutral stimulus eith s drug or procedure that facilitate immune functioning
Called conditioned immunofacilitation
The Watson and rayner experiment used what kind of Pavlovian procedure
Delayed conditioning
Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes when
1900
Pavlov was born in
Russia
Blue jays do not eat monarch butterflies this is an example of
Conditioned taste aversion
Can Pavlovian conditioning result in maladaptive behavior
Yes
Did Pavlov work independently
No
