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Learning Psychology > Unit Two > Flashcards

Unit Two Flashcards

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1
Q

Pavlov identified two types of reflexes

A

Conditional and unconditional

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2
Q

Higher order conditioning definition

A

A neutral stimulus is paired with a well established conditional stimulus

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3
Q

Trace conditioning

A

The CS begins and ends before the U.S. Appears

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4
Q

Delayed conditioning

A

The CS ends only after the U.S. Begins

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5
Q

Contiguity in Pavlovian conditioning

A

Interval between the CS and US

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6
Q

If one part of a compound stimulus fails to become a CS what has occurred

A

Overshadowing

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7
Q

According to stimulus substitution theory,what substitutes for the U.S.

A

The CS

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8
Q

Eleven things that impact success of Pavlovian conditioning

A

How the CS and us are paired , their contingency, contiguity, stimulus features, prior experience with CS and U.S. , number of pairings, intertrial interval, age, temperament, emotional state / stress

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9
Q

What century did Pavlov switch career focus

A

19 th century

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10
Q

Pavlov won s Nobel prize in

A

Physiology he studied the digestive system with the use of dogs and the salivary ducts

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11
Q

Why did he say the glands had a kind of intelligence

A

They salivated more for harder food and less for soft food

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12
Q

What had pavlov called the secretions with the bell

A

Psychic secretions

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13
Q

Unconditional reflex definition

A

Largely inborn and usually permsnent reflexes found in all members of s species and with little individual variation. Includes the unconditional stimulus and the behavior it evokes / unconditional response

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14
Q

Conditional reflex definition

A

Not present at birth, acquired with experience, and not permanent
Includes the conditional stimulus snd response

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15
Q

Pavlovian conditioning def and aka

A

Aka classical or respondent conditioning. The repeated pairing of the U.S. And CS . Each pairing Is s trial eventually the CS will be able to elicit the cr . The CS IS ALWAYS BEFORE THE US

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16
Q

2 imp aspects of Pavlovian conditioning

A

1) the two stimuli are presented regardless of what the organism does
2) the behavior involves a reflex

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17
Q

Ex of Pavlovian conditioning with reproductive advantage

A

Work by graham and desjardin that crested a CS that eventually resulted in sexual arouxsl which would make mating faster

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18
Q

Stats experiment illustrating higher order conditioning

A

They paired random words with words that were associated with feelings. Found the random words when paired enough times also became CS for those feelings

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19
Q

Response latency with Pavlovian

A

Interval of onset of CS and the response

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20
Q

Test trials def

A

Present the CS alone every now and then to show if it is s conditioned response or not
Aka probe trials

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21
Q

Intensity or amplitude of CR

A

At first they are often quite weak and then the respond increases rapidly

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22
Q

Pseudo conditioning

A

A strong stimulus such as a needle jab can sensitize you to other stimuli so that you react more or less as you would react to the strong stimulus
Can overcome this by randomly pairing them together and sometimes alone

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23
Q

Ex trace conditioning outside the lab

A

Flash of lightning and a second later crash of thunder

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24
Q

Short delay conditioning and long delay

A

Describes the time before the U.S. Appears
Short delaye the CS may persist for a few milliseconds
Long the CS it may last s couple seconds or minutes before the U.S.

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25
Q

Lone delay conditioning what happens to the CR latency

A

It increases eventually the cr doesn’t appear until just before the U.S.

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26
Q

Simultaneous conditioning

A

CS and us coincide exactly same time and end at the same time. It’s a weak procedure

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27
Q

Backward conditioning

A

CS follows the U.S. . Very difficult if not impossible to establish cr with this way

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28
Q

Contingency

A

Is a kind of if-then statement where one event is contingent / dependent on the other. The rate of conditioning depends on contingency

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29
Q

Contiguity

A

Closeness in time or space between two events. In trace conditioning it’s the interval between the end of the CS and the startU.S. In delayed its the the interval between the onset of the U.S. And the CS. More contiguous the faster the cr

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30
Q

Which are usually better short or long intervals

A

Usually short- more of an effect with trace conditioning

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31
Q

Compound stimulus

A

Which the CS is composed of two or more stimuli. The compound stimulus is paired with a U.S. For one or more trials . Then present the compound stimulus and each component of the CS alone.

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32
Q

Overshadowing

A

The effect of one stimulus overshadows the effect of the other almost completely . Strong stimulus overshadow weak stimulus stronger stimulus usually result in better results

33
Q

Is it possible for a CS or us to be too intense

A

Yes if it results in a a different response that may interfere wit learning

34
Q

Internal or external receptors best for Pavlovian

A

If the U.S. Or CS affect the same type

35
Q

Latent inhibition definition

A

The appearance of a stimulus in the absence of a U.S. Interferes with the subsequent ability of the stimulus to become a CS

36
Q

Blocking

A

One stimulus interferes with the ability of another to become a CS . Occurs with compound stimuli different than overshadowing as it has to do with prior experience of one affecting the compound stimulus

37
Q

Sensory preconditioning

A

A stimulus will become s CS more rapidly if we it has been paired with another stimulus that has since become s CS

38
Q

Graph of number of CS us pairings

A

Deaccelersting curve where the first couple pairings have the most effect - could be important for survival

39
Q

Intertrial intervals

A

Time between trials, can very several seconds to years 20-30 seconds may be optimal

40
Q

Extinction definition

A

Repeatedly presenting the CS without the U.S. . Can be seen as conditioning in the absence of the U.S.

41
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Sudden reappearance of the cr after extinction . Therefore may need to be extinguished on several occasions

42
Q

Extinction and relearning

A

The cr can usually be reestavlished faster

43
Q

Stimulus subtraction theory

Issue ?

A

The cr snd ur are excitation of the same part of the brain, the CS merely substitutes for the ur by invoking the reflex response
Issue: the cr and ur are not always the same response s d the cr is weaker snd less reliable sometimes they are even different ex. Ur to sho k is is an increase in hr whereas the CS is often a decrease in heart rate

44
Q

Preparatory response theory

A

What is learned during Pavlovian conditioning is the response to prepare for the appearance of the U.S.
Ex- the dog is preparing to digest food
With drugs the CS may help compensate for the effects of the U.S. . Results in drug tolerance and can result in drug overdose if the conditions are not met.

45
Q

Is awareness necessary for Pavlovian conditioning

A

No simpler organisms do not need it.

46
Q

Albert became fearful of the rat because

A

The arrival of the rat regularly preceded a loud noise

47
Q

Prejudice is an example of

A

A conditioned emotional response

48
Q

The repeated pairing of children or pictures of children with what might result in pedophilia

A

Sexual stimulation

49
Q

In the Garcia experiment the CS is what and the U.S. Is

A

Saccharin and us is radiation

50
Q

First person to study human emotions systematically

A

John b Watson

However before Watson Pavlov explored conditioned fear in dogs

51
Q

Watson found what ? They are Called

A

Objects that are paired with emotion arousing items will soon come to elicit those emotions as well this is called conditioned emotional responses
His work was important to understand emotional disorders and irrational fears phobias

52
Q

The Albert study

A

They paired sudden loud noises with s white rat to induce a phobia

53
Q

Mary clover jones experiment

A

Used counter conditioning where Pavlovian procedures to reverse the unwanted effects of conditioning. Jones paired s CS for fear the rabbit with s positive us milk snd crackers . The rabbit was brought closer and closer until eventually it could be on his lap . Was with s boy named Peter ( Peter rabbit)

54
Q

Systemic desensitization

A

S procedure in which a phobic person imagines a very weak form of the frightening CS while relaxed

55
Q

Virtual reality technology

A

Creates s highly realistic electronic simulation of an environment . Expose to low level fearful stimuli snd eventually increase the stimuli

56
Q

Conditioned suppression

A

Reduction in the rate due to exposure to an aversive CS

Can be seen with when someone loses s job they est less, are less happy, uncomfortable etc.

57
Q

Stats experiment with prejudice

A

Paired s neutral word with one that was a CS for s positive or negative emotional response . The feelings aroused by the words depended on the emotional value of the words which they were paired .

58
Q

Ex Of conditioned emotional responses with prejudice

To overcome?

A

Muslims and hijacking and killing with terrorists

May be beneficial to pair the CS words with positive words

59
Q

Advertising techniques

A

Usually pair their products with stimuli that elicit positive emotions ex sexually attractive people or pairing it with s celebrity
Another technique is to pair competing products with stimuli that arouse negative emotions

60
Q

Stuart et al. Study with toothpaste

A

Paired the toothpaste with neutral or positive feelings . Found that people chose it more if paired with positive feelings

61
Q

Paraphalias definition

A

Achieve sexual pleasure in perverse and unnatural ways
Ex voyeurism view someone engaged in sexual activity ,exhibitionism display ones genitals, fetishism, transvestism, sadism , maschocism, pedophilia, and rape

62
Q

How do paraphilias develop

A

A painful or degrading experience paired with sexual stimulation

63
Q

Aversion therapy

A

A CS that elicits inappropriate sexual arousal is paired with a U.S. That elicited an unpleasant often nauseous response . Then becomes conditioned to see the CS as nauseous

64
Q

Lavin and colleague study with aversion study

A

S man that enjoyed dressing in women’s clothing. They took photos of him in women’s clothing. Then he took an emetic drug that caused nausea and then viewed the photographs with the researchers discussing what he did

65
Q

Criticism with aversion therapy

A

Dangerous for what it is used for

And often require boosters

66
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

A food becomes a CS for nausea . Garcia snd the rats with sweet water and uv showed taste aversion. Can have survival value and develops quickly and inspite of long delays

67
Q

Latent inhibition and taste aversions

A

More likely to develop aversions to novel foods do than to familiar ones

68
Q

Guatavsons study with coyotes and taste aversion

A

He left s lamb that made the coyotes sick to give them taste aversions to lambs

69
Q

Chemotherapy and taste aversions

A

Makes people sick and create taste aversions that can impact diet

70
Q

Conditioned allergic reactions

A

Ex person that is allergic to tomatoes looks at the. Snd breaks out in hives and had high blood histamine levels may be the sight smell or look that results in the allergic reaction

71
Q

Chemotherapy and suppressed immune function

A

The conditions that chemo were administered in may actually suppress the immune system

72
Q

Boosting immune system

A

Could boost the immune system by pairing s neutral stimulus eith s drug or procedure that facilitate immune functioning
Called conditioned immunofacilitation

73
Q

The Watson and rayner experiment used what kind of Pavlovian procedure

A

Delayed conditioning

74
Q

Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes when

A

1900

75
Q

Pavlov was born in

A

Russia

76
Q

Blue jays do not eat monarch butterflies this is an example of

A

Conditioned taste aversion

77
Q

Can Pavlovian conditioning result in maladaptive behavior

A

Yes

78
Q

Did Pavlov work independently

A

No

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