Unit Four Flashcards
Two subtypes of punishment
Timeout- loss of reinforcement opportunities for a period of time. Aka isolation timeout.the individual is temporarily removed from the environment in which the behavior occurred. Ex moved to separate room.
Non exclusionary timeout the child remains in the environment but is removed from ongoing activities ex child sits in chair for two minutes
Response cost-where previously earned reinforcers are removed dependent on instances of misbehavior.ex traffic fines
Vicarious reinforcement
An observer sees a model behavior being rewarded and this increases the likelihood the observer will engage in the modeled behavior
Vicarious punishment
An observer seems a model behavior punished snd this decreases the likelihood the observer will engage in the behavior
Generalized imitation
The ability to imitate many different novel behaviors without reinforcement for each instance of imitation. Many children have acquired this at an early age which allows them to imitate actions they have not observed before by simply the act of observation
Peer modeling
Imitation of s model who is s perfect, someone similar to the observer .
Covert modeling
Is imagining the act of imitation. Ex some athletes will prepare for contests by imagining themselves performing well . Note overt modeling Is demonstrating a response publically
Participant modeling
Is a form of modeling used with responses that are difficult to imitate in a single trial . It breaks down the modeling process into s series of progressive steps from easy to imitate to hard to imitate . Each step you must imitate the model. If successful you move onto the next step
Self modeling
Instance of s persons desired behavior is Taped video and audio and is later played for the person allowing them to imitate their own behavior
Positive and negative punishment are similar in that both
Weaken /suppress/ reduce the strength of the behavior
In positive punishment something is — in negative punishment something is —-
Added/ presented
Subtracted/ removed
Negative reinforcement — the strength of the behavior positive punishment —–
Increases
Decreases / reduces it
The more — a punisher the more it — the rate of behavior
Intense the more it reduces
In general the — the level of reinforcer deprivation the — effective s punisher is
Higher/ greater
Less effective
The two processes of the two process theory are
Pavlovian ands operant
The five problems that can arise with punishment are
Escape , aggression, apathy, a use, and imitative use of punishment
One problem with extinction is that
It declines slowly
In differential reinforcement, unwanted behavior is placed on — and a more desirable behavior or rate of behavior is —-
I extinction and reinforced
Punishment definition
The procedure of providing consequences that reduce the strength of the behavior
Publishers
The consequences involved in punishment
Positive punishment
An aversive event is added to the situation
Negative punishment aka
Something is subtracted from the situation aka penalty training
Variable affecting punishment
Contingency, contiguity, punisher intensity, beginning level of punishment, availability of reinforcement for punished behavior, alternative sources of reinforcement, deprivation level, and qualitative features of the punishment
Contingency with punishment
The degree to which s procedure weakens s behavior varies with the degree to which a punishing event is correlated with that behavior . The greater the contingency the faster the behavior changes
Contiguity interval between a behavior snd s punishing consequence.
The longer the delay the less effective the procedure . For effective punishment must be immediate
Introductory level of punishment.
It’s important to use an effective level from the start or you will have to use more and more snd have a higher total level snd more responses
Reinforcement of punished behavior
If behavior produces reinforcement it may persist despite aversive consequences
Alternative sources of reinforcement
Punishment completely suppressed the original behavior when there alternative ways of obtaining the reinforcement , important to provide alternative means
Qualitative features of the punishment
Ex s high pitch sound may be more effective than s low pitched sound
Two process theory of punishment
Critics
Punishment involves both Pavlovian snd operant . The lever becomes also aversive for fear associated with the response
Wrongly predicts that the punishment will reduce proportionately to the proximity of the punishment. Instead it’s been found all behavior associated decreases
One process theory for punishment
Punishment weakens behavior
Low probability behavior enforces high probability behavior . Ex have to run to eat- will est less
Four advantages to using punishment
Effective at least in the short run
Powerful procedure
Fast
Has some beneficial side effects may be happier and more social
Five issues with punishment
Escape, aggression, apathy, abuse, and imitation of the punisher
Escape four examples
Tune out
Make excuses
Cheating and lying
Suicide
Aggression
Ever even, fight back or it may progress through the family
Apathy
General suppression of behavior
Abuse
Punishment can turn into abuse and cause harm
Imitation of punisher
They may start to use punishment when they deal with others
Response prevention
Prevent the behavior from occurring by altering the environment
Ex put China out of reach
Three limitations with response prevention
May impair the child to function properly
Does not always work well with adults and teens
Some behavior cannot be prevented by modifying the env. Ex s kid that holds their breath until they pass out
Adult attention as possible reinforcer
Although it is supposed to punish the behavior it may serve to reinforce it.
Six issues with extinction
1) extinction burst
2) emotional outbreaks
3) if you alternate extinction with reinforcement it could make the behavior worse
4) extinction is a slow process
5) a great deal of harm may be done before its extinguished
6) extinction cannot be used if relevant reinforcers cannot be withheld
Differential reinforcement
Using extinction in combination with reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of low rate
Reinforcers are provided for behavior when at s lower rate
Differential reinforcement of zero responding
Reinforcement is contingent on not performing for s period of time provided only if it does not occur whereas drl is if it’s st s lower rate
Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
Reinforce behavior that is incompatible with unwanted. Increase rate of desired behavior will decrease rate of undesired
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior
The reinforcers are made contingent on some desirable behavior . Ex give attention when behaving well snd ignore when not
Noncontingent reinforcement
Reinforcement is delivered without regard to the behavior . Reduces the value of the reinforcers they get for the bsd behavior
Issues with non contingent reinforcement
Might accidentally reinforce the behavior more, may replace one problem with another
The procedure used to modify the elephants behavior was ?
Shaping - positive reinforcement is really helpful with training animals especially in captive
To be self aware is to
Observe ones behavior
Willpower is a circular explanation for behavior because
Evidence of willpower is the behavior it is supposed to explain
Self control techniques include
Physical restraints, distancing, distraction, deprivation and satiation, informing others, and monitoring behavior
Verbal behavior is governed by the
Law of effect
In his opinion study, Verplanck used an —- research design
ABA within subject single case research design
Using the phrase is often reinforced in western society. We say that S wave goes up and down that kids jump up and down
P. 233
A problem is a situation which — is available but the behavior necessary to produce it is not
Reinforcement is available
Note the problem solver is often physically capable but does not
Harlow data shows that insightful solutions may be arrived at —- due to what
Gradually as a result of a number of learning experiences
Epstein ‘s experiment demonstrates tat insightful problem solving is largely the product of
The organisms learning history and previous ideas
The idea of increasing creativity can be done how? It seems illogical why
Reinforce creative behavior will result in more creative behavior
Seems illogical becaus reinforcement increases the strength of old behavior
How could s company increase creativity
Providing bonuses promotions or awards to those that create creative designs
Herrstein suggests variations in handwriting are due to
Adventitious coincidental reinforcement
Once self injurious behavior was thought to be due to an unconscious need to suffer but if that was the Cade the shocks by lovaas and Simmons would havee
Reinforced self- injurious behavior
Why do we observe our own behavior as well as others
It is reinforced we change our behavior based on observation which allow us to avoid AVERSIVES or be reinforced .
So chumps have self awareness
Study by Gallup found that when parts had red on them they would try to remove it when infront of a mirror
Pigeon self awareness
Pecked s dot on the themselves when looking in s mirror but not otherwise
Mary boyles experiment with shaping awareness
Played music for people that were in s coma when they made slight movements and then more movements. Some people it was effective
Self control definition
Tendency to act in own best interest . Means to choose wisely for long term interests
Varies based on reinforcers available and delay of delivery of reinforcers. People can learn to exert self control through physical restraint , distancing, distracting oneself, monitoring behavior, telling people of goals etc.
Skinners opinion / theory of verbal behavior
That it is behavior and that it is a function of its consequences, as a child there is lots of applause and reinforcement with speaking , this is shaped to require more.
Verbal behavior and work by green spoon
In one condition he said mhm the other he said huhuh. When he gave the reinforcing noise people provided more worlds that they knew
Verplanck research with verbal behavior
Tried to reinforce opinion statements snd found in every participant these statements increased
Also found you could reinforce s topic snd if not they would drop it
Quays work snd implications for therapy
Used uhuh while they were talking. Found if it as used with family experiences they increased. Therefore therapists may be infouencing what the patients talk about
Reinforcement history and word associations
Word history will influence how we pair words and they are reinforced ex. Black and white and up and down.
Why do people probably engage in white lies
Negative reinforcement- avoid uncomfortable situations
What is insight? Probably
Depends fundamentally on previous learning and due to gradual improvement performance
Achieving insight on a problem largely depends on?
Reinforcement of behavior related to the problem’s solution
Historical definition of creativity
Always mentions novelty
If you want to ensure creativity on a task and not mere completion
You should make reinforcement contingent on creative behavior snd not on the performance of a task. Our society may not appreciate creativity that much
Superstitious behavior definition and example of one study
Behave as if rituals provide reinforcement when in fact they do not
Ex. Skinner provided food every 15 sec regardless of behavior snd found that superstitious behavior emerged in pigeons
Adventitious reinforcement
Herrstein associated with this idea. Notes that in most cases a particular feature of s behavior is required but not others. If the essential feature verse reinforced the other features are adventitiously reinforced . Ex the essential aspects of handwriting get reinforced but then the individual variations in their styles are also reinforced
Superstition evolves due to what kind of reinforcement
Coincidental reinforcement
How can we prevent superstitious behavior
Use scientific method with controls to make observations
Learned helplessness and the experiment
Do nothing snd are helpless during the aversive events. Ex seligman performed an experiment with shock and dogs but after frantically running for a couple seconds they lay down and accepted the shock
Depression and learned helplessness
General inactivity and may refuse to help themselves and endure their pain. May be some learned helplessness
Immunization training
Found that rats that were exposed to ways to reduce the pain vs rats that were exposed to inescapable pain performed better and refused to give up
Delusions and hallucinations with operant learning
Psychotic behavior isn’t entirely due to learning. Ur could be modified by its consequences . Ex. Found one ladies delusions were reduced when they only gave her attention when not having s delusion instead of reinforcing the behavior.
Reinforcement of bizarre behavior is contingent on
Contingent on times of reinforcement snd times without reinforcement be sue otherwise people will catch on.
Treatments to self-injurious behavior
1) punishment ex shock ( thought this is not preferred it can reduce behavior )
2) withhold attention for bad behavior
3) time out
The basic question posed by vicarious learning is
Can one organism benefit from the experiences of others
Why is there s lack of research for vicarious learning
Efforts to demonstrate vicarious learning failed . Others observed this and learned that such research doesn’t pay off.
Vicarious learning definition
A change in behavior due to he ex experience of observing a model
Model characteristics are important because
They can induce the observer to observe the model’s behavior
Two important variables in vicarious learning are
The consequences of the model’s behavior
The consequences of the observers behavior
What sort of process would bandura say was involved in answering this query
Attention so process since it draws attention to certain parts of the txt or retentional process since it might induce behavior that improves recall
According to miller and dollard we imitate successful models because
Imitating successful models has had reinforcing consequences in the past
Ex of vicarious foraging
Following other people you knew were hungry when you were hungry
A child watches a tv show where s child is spanked for stealing what are they likely to learn
Either you shouldn’t steal or shouldn’t get caught
Participant modeling what occurs
A model demonstrates a behavior to help the observer perform it
Who was the turning point for research for vicarious learning
Bandura Beth modeling and diseases
Vicarious learning aka
Observational learning
Why’s the existence of vicarious Pavlovian conditioning doubtful
It has been observed that those watching Pavlovian conditioning also undergo Pavlovian conditioning- ex developing an aversion to Mickey Mouse because they watched those scared of Mickey Mouse . Conditioning occurred as Mickey Mouse was paired with the other child’s fear
This was also done with monkeys watching a video of monkeys scared of other monkeys scared of snakes
Warden demonstrating vicarious operant learning
Monkey was restrained to observe s monkey that had been trained to complete a task and receive reinforcement. It was found that the observer benefitted from watching the model and almost always got the first trial right.
Result of Mary rosekran and Willard hartup and aggression study
Children that saw aggressive behavior reinforced tended to behave more aggressively whereas those that saw it punished played more peacefully
Imitation vs vicarious learning
Vicarious learning means a change in behavior due to observing a model but it MAY MEAN DOING SOMETHING VERY DIFFERENT FROM WHAT THE MODEL DOES
Generalized imitation why does it occur
As the tendency to imitate behaviors occurs so does the tendency to imitate the next behavior due to experience
Often because it has paid off in the past
How do the consequences of the model’s behavior impact vicarious learning
If consistently reinforced or punished
Consequences of the observers behavior
Ultimately people do what works for them regardless of whether it worked for a model.
However, past success with modeling may increase future observing
Characteristics of the model
Neutral will result in less attention
Status like ability, age, sex, attraction etc. may induce more attention
Celebrities are especially likely to be intimidated
Observers age
Younger subjects more likely to observers imitate older subjects but not necessarily learn more. Older subjects have been found to recall more
Observers learning history
May depend on previous learning experiences prior to viewing s model . More likely to imitate a model doing things that have been reinforced in your past
Different histories with age
What’s the Venus effect
Sexual interest in someone may distract the observer snd impact learning
Bandura social cognitive theory
Vicarious learning occurs due to processes that are classified either as attentional, retentional, motor reproductive, and motivational .
Attentional processes- organism observing the relevant aspects of the model’s behavior and its consequences
Retentional processes- necessary during the recall of the event
Motor reproductive processes- what’s required to perform the behavior
Motivational processes- must have an expectation that the behavior will be produce reinforcement
Three criticisms with banduras cognitive theory
Do they really differ in attentional processes or is it learning histories
Do all animals have sophisticated rententional capabilities
Do prior experiences impact the expectation for reward
Miller dollard reinforcement theory
The changes in an observers behavior are due to the consequences of the OBSERVERS behavior snd not of the model. Learn to imitate when it pays off snd not when there is no pay off
Argued that the stimuli may have an immediate or longer effect on behavior
Main issue with miller and dollard
Imitation often occurs in tech absence of the reinforcement of the observer’s behavior
Could be ex of generalized imitation.
Real difference between miller dollard snd bandura
Banduras theory looks at individual , cognitive process. Miller looks at situation and observers learning history for an explanation
Both outdated
Issue with foraging as an application of vicarious
What one could learn the other could also learn on its own
Study that supported foraging as vicarious learning
Sherry and Galef found that some chickadees spontaneously opened tubs but the vicarious learning group was able to learn from watching them where the untrained group did not learn this skill
Crime and television and the impact on aggression
In television crime is often reinforced and able to achieve their goals. Eron found that the more time children spent watching television at age eight the more likely they were at age 30 to be convicted of a serious crime
Therapy for phobia
Have them observe model’s interacting with the feared object without ill effects .
Issue that the model may imitate the observers fear
Studies of learned helplessness use what procedure
Escape training
Perhaps the first person to demonstrate learned helplessness was actually
Thorndike with cats
Corporal punishment is approved why what percentage in schools
Fifty percent of Americans
Does the term punishment have to do with retribution
No
An early theory of punishment proposed what
That response suppression occurred because the AVERSIVES disrupt ongoing behavior
