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Learning Psychology > Unit Six > Flashcards

Unit Six Flashcards

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1
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

The rule describing the delivery of reinforcement

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2
Q

Schedule effects

A

Refers to the pattern and rate of performance produced by s particular reinforcement schedule

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3
Q

Run rate def

A

The rate at which behavior occurs once it has begun

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4
Q

In ratio schedules reinforcement is contingent on

A

The number of times the behavior occurs -

Two types fixed and variable ratio

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5
Q

In interval schedules the reinforcement is contingent on

A

The behavior occurring after s given interval

Two types fixed snd variable

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6
Q

In a drl 10 schedule the effect of pressing s lever after 8 seconds is to

A

Reset the clock / delay reinforcement

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7
Q

In ft and vt schedules reinforcement is contingent on what

A

Time rather than behavior

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8
Q

Which is thinner out of fr3 and vr 4

A

Vr 4

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9
Q

The difference between multiple snd mixed schedules is

A

Multiple schedules there is a signal that the schedule has changed

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10
Q

Kassinove and schare study suggests near misses can serve as

A

Reinforcers

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11
Q

Could you stretch the ratio when a behavior is on an interval schedule

A

You could stretch the interval

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12
Q

State the matching law in own words

A

The rate of behavior matches or is proportional to the rate of reinforcement

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13
Q

The frustration and sequential hypothesis are both variations of what

A

The discrimination hypothesis

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14
Q

Continuous reinforcement
Especially common with
Not most common where

A

Simplest schedule
S behavior is reinforced everytime it occurs
The opposite is continuos extinction which is s non freinforcement
Very common and useful with shaping
Not the most common in nature

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15
Q

Intermittent schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs on some occasions but not others

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16
Q

Post reinforcement pauses def and occur with what

A

Pauses that follow reinforcement are common eith fixed ratios snd are not fatigue
The more work required the longer the pause
The size can also affect the pause

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17
Q

Ex fr schedule

A

Employees are paid on s fr schedule

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18
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

A behavior is reinforced only after occurring s fixed number of times

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19
Q

Variable ratio schedules

A

The number of behavior Ie lever presses varies around an average

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20
Q

Post reinforcement pauses in vr as compared to fr

A

The usually appear less often and for shorter times. Influenced by size of the average snd by the lowest ratio
Therefore produces more behavior per hour vs fr

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21
Q

Vr in nature ?

A

Common in nature. Ie a cheetah won’t capture prey every time but on an average to achieve the reward . Most predatory behavior

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22
Q

Vr in human life

A

Sales person on commission or casino gambling

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23
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforcement is dispensed following s behavior but only after the behavior occurs after s given period of time . Ex at time zero and first instance of behavior after five second

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24
Q

Post reinforcement pauses with fixed interval

A

Occur snd produce a scalloped shape curve. It begins pressing the lever long before it pays off and increases before the end of the interval

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25
Q

Fixed interval in nature

A

Hard to come by. One example is with estrus

26
Q

FI in humans

A

Bake bread in an oven
Ex with midterms show little inclination at the start of the year and increasing more toward midterms and then it falls off until shortly before finals

27
Q

Variable interval schedules

A

Reinforce s behavior around an interval average

28
Q

Run rates of vi vs FI and vs fr and vr

A

Run rates of ratios are better than intervals and the vi better than FI

29
Q

Ex of vi in nature and humans

A

Leopards wait in the grass for varying intervals until prey comes
Human hunters wait too

30
Q

Fixed duration or schedule

A

Reinforcement is contingent on the continuos performance of a behavior for a period of time . Ex child must play piano for thirty minutes

31
Q

Variable duration

A

The required time varies around an average . There is no telling when the reinforcer will appear
In some cases playing the piano becomes more reinforcing

32
Q

Differential reinforcement of low rate and amount of behavior

A

Are required to not perform the task for a duration
Can produce extremely low rates of behavior
Can result in the development of superstitious behavior where they do something for the ten second

33
Q

Drh schedule

A

Differential reinforcement of high rate requires that a behavior be performed a minimum number of times in s given period
PRODUCE THE HIGHEST RATES OF BEHAVIOR

34
Q

Two forms of schedules Noncontingent on behavior

A

Fixed time and variable time

35
Q

Fixed time schedule

A

A reinforcer is delivered after a give period of time without regard for behavior . They do not need to do anything

36
Q

Fixed time schedules not common where snd common where

A

Not common in snture snd only common in lab. Only thing is that maybe welfare checks

37
Q

Variable time

A

Reinforcement is delivered periodically delivered at irregular intervals without regard for the organisms behavior
This can also result in superstition ex sports teams winning sometime

38
Q

Stretching the ratio

A

Increase the ratio through shaping by demanding more each time

39
Q

Stretching the ratio in nature

A

Get the weak antelopes and the. The harder one take more time
Humans may also see it with gambling

40
Q

Ratio strain

A

Don’t want to stretch it too rapidly because they start to break down why they might grumble about being overworked

41
Q

Three variables that affect extinction

A

The effort the behavior requires
Number of times the behavior was performed before
The schedule of reinforcement prior to extinction

42
Q

Partial reinforcement effect

A

Intermittent schedules are more resistant to extinction than continuos
The thinner the reinforcement schedule before extinction the greater the number the lever presses during extinction

43
Q

Discrimination hypothesis

A

Extinction takes longer after intermittent reinforcement because it is harder to discriminate between extinction snd intermittent schedule than with continuos reinforcement

44
Q

Frustration hypothesis

A

Nonreinforcement is frustrating snd is aversive. Behavior on extinction creates frustration
When it’s intermittent there’s period of non reinforcement snd frustration snd then pushing the lever while frustrated is a s+ which then reinforces lever pushing and frustration causing the outburst

45
Q

Sequential hypothesis

A

Attributes the pre or differences in the sequence of cues during training . In continuous reinforcement the s+ is only the reinforcement whereas with intermittent the serious of reinforcement snd non reinforcement is the s+
The rat continues to push the lever because Nonreinforcement pressed have worked in th past

46
Q

Compare sequential and frustration

A

Both are built on discrimination training and active learning . Frustration is due to internal process where as sequential is due to external environment the sequence of events

47
Q

Response unit hypothesis

A

Defined as what produces reinforcement - ex two lever pushes result in reward snd are the behavior . Behavior is defined by the number of times it must occur to produce reinforcement . When it is defined this way there are actually less is fences of behavior with intermittent

48
Q

Multiple schedule

A

A behavior is under the influence of two or more simple schedules each associated with a particular stimulus ex one schedule when yellow on snd another when red light on

49
Q

A mixed schedule

A

Is the same as a multiple schedule except there are no stimuli associated with the change in reinforcement contingencies

50
Q

In a chain schedule

A

Reinforcement is delivered only on completion of the last in a series of schedules must complete the last requirement of the last schedule . There is stimuli along the way that they are closer

51
Q

Cooperative schedules

A

Make reinforcement dependent on the behavior of two or more individuals
Issue may result in inequality of work

52
Q

Concurrent schedules

A

Two or more schedules are available at once

Involves s choice

53
Q

Matching law

A

Distribution of behaviors matches the availability of reinforcement in concurrent it makes sense to choose the denser one however it will occasionally press the other one to work on it
Look at how much the one could be done in s minute snd how much the other then add to make the total. Then csn use the total snd the individual numbers to calculate the percentage it would be spent on
It includes the behavior of interest the reinforcer snd other behaviors snd reinforcers

54
Q

Compulsive gambling and applications

A

Very similar to variable ratios

It was found that near misses served as reinforcers

55
Q

Experimental economics

A

Combo of reinforcement schedules and economics
Will work for food
But luxuries will decrease consumption if the effort increases

56
Q

Malingering

A

The behaviors associated with pain stay longer

People may malinger if others are willing to “press the lever “ more often to make up for someone hurting

57
Q

Three criticism of schedules research

A

Argues it is artificial
Produces trivial findings
Reveal more about rats and pigeons

58
Q

Three countesrs of the criticism

A

Lab allows them to simplify it to discover rules
It is s function of the individuals history
Human behavior is remarkably similar to animal behavior
Good ways of testing variables on behaviors
Ex toxins sleep deprivation etc

59
Q

People sometimes behave differently from animals on a given schedule this is most likely be sue

A

People receive instructions about what they are supposed to do

60
Q

Two types of schedules

A

Simple and complex

61
Q

Most rapid learning occurs with which schedule

A

Crf

Learning Psychology (7 decks)

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