Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Learning Psychology > Unit one > Flashcards

Unit one Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Independent variable def
Dependent
Controlled

A

A variable that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to determine how the subject or subjects will react. A change in value.
An aspect of the subjects performance that is measured in an experiment to determine what effect the independent variable has on it
Variables not under study that are controlled during the experiment for all subjects . Controlled so they don’t affect the performance of the experimental or control group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Between subject studies

Within subject design

A

Between- compares the responses between different groups under different conditions
Within- compare responses made by the same subject or group under different conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. Subjects change via?
    An abrupt change in a gene is called_____. Those that occur in ____ cells are passed on to offspring.
    Reflex definition
    Sensitization vs habituation
A

Natural selection
2. Mutation, reproductive/germ cells
Reflex is a relationship between a specific event/stimulus and a simple behavior/ response
Sensitization involves an increase in the probability or intensity of a reflex response, habituation is a decrease in probability and intensity,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fixed action patters differ from reflexes how ?
The color red is what for male stickle-back
An event an organism tends to avoid?

A

Fixed action potentials involve the whole entire organism and are more complex and variable
Releaser
Aversive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The fox breeding study selected foxes on the basis of ?
The chief problem with natural selection ?
Natural selection helps who adapt to change ?
Learning ability evolved why?

A

Behavior ( looked for more dog like behavior )
That it is slow
The species NOT THE INDIVIDUAL
Survival value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Kuos experiment showed that whether cats killed rats depended on?

A

Whether they saw their mothers kill rats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Natural selection

A

Features that are advantageous for survival are “ selected by the environment”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Are reflexes always helpful?

A

No for example allergic reactions of epileptic seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ex sensitization and habituation

A

Sensitization - hear a loud noise and then are more likely to jump at the next noise
Habituation -ex repeated loud noise noise eventually gets ignored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are FAP similar to reflexes?

Example of one

A

Both have strong genetic basis and little variation between individuals
Ex cat archess back and hisses, mating dance with birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Releasers def

A

Specific events that elicit s fixed action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fixed action potentials in humans?

A

Few if any- debated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

General behavior traits definition

A

General behavior tendencies including activity level, aggression, introversion, anxiety, hoarding, and sexual practices .
Strongly influenced by genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cause General behavior traits

How’s this diff than FAP

A

Aversives- things that organisms stride to avoid. They occur in s wide variety of situations unlike releasers which are more environment specific.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are FAP AND behavior traits also different

A

The behavior with FAP are pretty much the same between individuals whereas behavior traits have plastic behavior ( note that genetics affect the expression of these traits )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

____ twins vs ___ twins are more likely to both have manic depression or anxiety

A

Identical over fraternal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Evolution of adaptive characteristics occurs over ? Means what?

A

Occur over generations which means are of limited value coping with abrupt changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Def learning

A

Change in behavior due to experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is learning s product of evolution

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nature nurture debate surrounds which idea

A

Whether behavior is inherited of learned . In reality both influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who said change is the only constant

A

Roman philosopher Lucretius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When was origin of the species published?

Who discovered the genetic basis of the theory

A

1859

Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pebbly beach analogy displays what for Darwins theory

A

How natural selection creates order out of disorder snd that eventually the pebbles settle in an order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Two examples where natural selection selected for different traits based on s changing environment

A

Peppered moth

And the grants observations of the Galapagos finches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How may the blushing reflex have s survival advantage

A

May protect us from injury of those that we have insulted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What were FAPS used to be called and why aren’t they any more

A

Instincts- however suggests that it’s only automatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

BF skinner said people are hostages of their genetic history why

A

Ex with craving sweet and fatty foods because of ancestors it had survival advantage

28
Q

Sven says that he was nervous at the beginning of college and now isn’t - the loss of anxiety is an example of?

A

Learning

29
Q

When behavior is defined by the procedure used to measure it it is called

A

Operational

30
Q

An analogy for using ABA research design

A

Light switch

31
Q

The school of thought that rejects scientific method and claims science is really s debate about an unknowable reality is called

A

Constructivism

32
Q

In her study of baboons Shirley strum found that the most successful males were

A

Less aggressive then other males

33
Q

In within subject experiments , each subject’s performance is compared with its performance during a

A

Baseline period

34
Q

Teenagerus americsnus s two legged ape breaks out in s cold sweat when exposed to elevator music this is a result of

A

Learning

35
Q

A golly pod breaks out in s cold sweat whenever it is exposed to the sun this rxn is most likely a

A

Reflex

36
Q

In a group design experiment researchers often use what to reduce differences among participants

A

Matched sampling

37
Q

Is it difficult to distinguish between behavior and physiology

A

Yes

38
Q

Who was the first person to record data cumulatively

A

James a slonaker

39
Q

What does the natural science approach emphasize

A

Physical events

40
Q

Stimulus definition

A

An event that is capable of affecting behavior

41
Q

Response latency definition

A

The time that passes before s response occurs

42
Q

Why is learning said to be s change in behavior

A

Does not always mean acquiring something but change . Ex quitting smoking

43
Q

Two problems with saying that learning is neurological change

A

We don’t totally know what changes take place with learning

Denies the importance of behavior

44
Q

Ex of operational definition

A

Ex saliva as the number of mg of saliva absorbed by cotton balls for a specific period of time and specific size
Fear as an increase in heart rate, breathing, and electrical activity

45
Q

Behavior definition

A

Anything an organism does that can be measured

46
Q

What’s reduction in errors method of measuring learning

A

Make fewer and fewer errors as training progresses

47
Q

Topography as a measure of learning

A

Can be used with mirror tracing . Gets easier with practice snd this change is learning.

48
Q

Change in intensity as a measure of learning

Speed?

A

Ex speak vs whisper
Push on a lever with more force
Speed- ex the rest runs faster as it learns the maze
NOTE COULD ALSO LEARN TO DO SOMETHING SLOWLY

49
Q

Change in rate or frequency

A

The number of instances of behavior pet unit of time

50
Q

Cumulative recorder

A

Every instance of behavior is recorded by an ink pen. The higher the rate of behavior the steeper the slope. Allows us to see subtle changes

51
Q

Cumulative record

A

A given point on the line indicates the total number of occurrences at that point ( therefore it is a cumulative record)

52
Q

Fluency is a measure of

A

Combo of error and rate - number correct per unit of time

53
Q

Anecdotal evidence
Challenge .
Pro?

A

First or secondhand reports of personal experience
Hard to sort out which ones to believe and cannot fully be trusted
Can be used as a lead and to see populate opinion

54
Q

Case study def.

Problems

A

Examines a particular individual in great detail
Probs: time intensive ,not necessarily representative of the group, cannot answer certain questions about behavior,
The person is reporting about someone’s behavior and ghost can be unreliable

55
Q

Chief difference between anecdotal snd Cade study

Other diff?

A

Anecdotal casual observations and Case study one individual in great detail
Case study more systematic

56
Q

Descriptive study definition

A

The researcher tries to explain a group by gathering dats from its members and then analyze with statistics
Ex questionionare

57
Q

Downfall of descriptive studies

A

Cannot test hypothesis!

58
Q

Experiment definition

A

A researcher manipulates one or more variables and measures the effect on one or more variables

59
Q

Random assignment example

Matched sampling definition

A

Ex coin flip
Identify participants with identical features Ie ses, age, sex, demographic, ethnicity, and randomly assign one to each treatment

60
Q

Baseline period definition

A

Initial period which a participant’s behavior is monitored

61
Q

ABA reversal design definition

A

Reinstate baseline (a) then experimental (b) and then baseline to solidify effects of experimental

62
Q

Other differences with between vs within design

A

Between requires larger numbers and statistical analysis . Controlled with random assignment and matching
With within its assumed the main area of focus is the changes with the individual snd not between participants

63
Q

Limits of experimental design

A

Some say artificial conditions and thus behavior but it is often more simple and artificial to really understand the effect of the env on the behavior
Can use field experiments to test the experiment in s natural setting

64
Q

Three main reasons for animal research

A

1) get control over heredity, reduce variance and uncertainty
2) can control their past experience and history
3) possible to do research that can’t ethically do on humans

65
Q

Four main criticisms for animal research

A

1) had nothing to do with humans - researchers make sure not to generalize snd are aware of differences
2) has no practical value : however trestments for depression, dyslexia, brain damage , Tourette’s etc have all been using animals
3) intrinsically unethical however conditions set by the state and federal laws as well as apa . Standards for aversive food work etc.
4) unnecessary and can use programs - however the programs are not useful unless research and the effects are known before

66
Q

Flat record with the cumulative record means what

A

No behavior occurring

Learning Psychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions