Unit Five

Question 1

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 1

A processes in which a response becomes apt to occur in one stimulus but not in others because of reinforcement of the response in that stimulus situation but not in others

Question 2

Discriminative stimulus Sd or S+

Answer 2

A stimulus for which a response is apt to occur owing to reinforcement of the response of the presence of that stimulus

Question 3

S delta or S-

Answer 3

A stimulus for which a response is not apt to occur because no reinforcers follow the response when the stimulus is present

Question 4

Excitatory Stimulus control

Answer 4

Exists when a response is more likely to occur in the presence of s stimulus than in the absence of the stimulus

Question 5

Inhibitory stimulus control

Answer 5

A response is more likely to occur in the absence of a stimulus than in the presence of a stimulus

Question 6

Exciting stimulus generalization

Answer 6

A process in which a response reinforced in one stimulus situation becomes apt to occur in different although similar stimulus situation

Question 7

Inhibitory stimulus

Answer 7

A process in which a response extinguished in one stimulus situation becomes less spot to occur in a different though similar stimulus situation

Question 8

Response generalization

Answer 8

Aka response induction occurs when reinforcing one class of responses results in s strengthening of similar responses outside the reinforced class

Question 9

Discrimination definition

Answer 9

The tendency to behave differently in different situations

Question 10

Generalization definition

Ex

Answer 10

Learned behavior to spread to situations not involved in training
The conditional response spreads or generalizes to stimuli somewhat different from the CS
Alberta fear of white rats spread to other white furry objects

Question 11

Thorndike study with generalization

Answer 11

Dog learned to escape s box by pulling on s loop. Then put in s new box with loop in a different location and learned it faster, then put into new box with it higher and learned that faster .
The more experiences the animal has escaping boxes the more quickly it learned to escape from new boxes

Question 12

Learned industriousness

Answer 12

High level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks

Question 13

One way to increase generalization

Answer 13

Provide training and practice in a wide variety of settings

Question 14

Study that showed that generalization can work against teschers and their students

Answer 14

Teacher first gave children unsolvable problems. Later gave them new solvable problems and they failed to solve them. When a new teacher gave the same problems they were able to solve them

Question 15

Another issue with generalization

Answer 15

Problem behaviors can generalize to other situations

Question 16

Similarity and generalization when plotted called

Answer 16

The more similar a novel stimulus is to training the more likely that the participant is to behave as though they were the training stimulus
When plotted they are called s generalization gradient

Question 17

A generalization gradient shows what

Answer 17

The tendency of s behavior to occur in situations that differ systematically from the training situation/stimulus

Question 18

Why are fire drills sometimes not effective to prepare for s real fire

Answer 18

A building on fire presents a very different situation from a building that is not on fire

Question 19

The razan study involved what kind of training procedure

Answer 19

Pavlovian

Question 20

Racial prejudice probably involves

Answer 20

Semantic generalization

Question 21

In operant discrimination training the stimulus that indicates the more reinforcing consequence of a behavior is designated

Answer 21

S+

Question 22

In errorless discrimination training how is the s- presented

Answer 22

Weak form and gradually faded in

Question 23

The doe implies discrimination training vs. be improved how

Answer 23

By providing different outcomes for different behaviors

Question 24

Marlatts work suggests that drug abuse is partly due to

Answer 24

Stimulus control

Question 25

How is pavlovs explanation of discrimination and generalization circular

Answer 25

He infers the physiological events from observations about generalization and discrimination and then explains the two by using the physiological events

Question 26

Suppose Hanson has used a disk of 530 nm as the s- . Where would the peak of the responding have occurred

Answer 26

Shifted in the opposite direction possibly to 560nm

Question 27

Transposition involves what kind of concept

Answer 27

Relational

Question 28

How can parents have less neurotic children

Answer 28

Make clear the conditions under which certain behavior was and was not acceptable

Question 29

Semantic generalization definition

Answer 29

Learned behavior generalizes based on an abstract gesture

Suggests that emotional responses may generalize to other semantically related words

Question 30

Razan study with Semantic generalization

Answer 30

Subjects ate while watching specific words on a screen. Homophones and synonyms were then shown of the words and the articulates salivated to both .

Question 31

Generalization with extinction and punishment

Answer 31

Generalization can spread with extinction and punishment ex with skinner he trained and then extinguished rats ability to press s horizontal lever. It spread to s vertical lever. This was also tested in reverse order

Question 32

The more discrimination the —- generalization

Answer 32

Less

Question 33

A flat generalization curve means what for generalization and discrimination

Answer 33

All generalization and no discrimination

Question 34

CS+ and CS- in Pavlovian

Answer 34

CS + is regularly paired with s US
and CS - usually appears without the U.S.
Ex Pavlov had a wheel that turned Cw with food and Ccw with no food. The dog learned to discriminate between the two

Question 35

S+ or SD and S- or S delta

Answer 35

S+ typically indicates that the behavior will have reinforcing consequences whereas s- usually indicates the behavior will not have reinforcing consequences
Ex arrange a lever that gives food but only if the light is on (S+) if off its s s- while this could vary in many ways ONE STIMULUS WILL ALWAYS PAY OFF BETTER THAN ANOTHER

Question 36

What’s the relative reinforcement value of available options

Answer 36

Where one consequence is more reinforcing then the other - discrimination occurs

Question 37

Successive discrimination training

Answer 37

The s+ and s- alternate randomly. When s+ present it is reinforced and when s- there it is on extinction

Question 38

Simultaneous discrimination training

Answer 38

They are presented at the same time ex one door with horizontal stripes has food behind it whereas the door with vertical stripes does not

Question 39

Matching to sample

Answer 39

The task is to choose between two or more alternatives called comparison stimuli and choose the stimulus that matches the standard ( the sample). Ex choosing the color that matches the sample out of multiple colors

Question 40

Oddity matching or mismatching

Answer 40

Must choose the comparison stimulus that does not match the sample

Question 41

Errorless discrimination training

Answer 41

Matching to sample process often takes a while

In errorless present snd reinforce the s+ and present s weaker for, of the s -

Question 42

Benefit of errorless discrimination training

Answer 42

Minimal errors which is good because errors tend to arousd undesirable emotional reactions

Question 43

Differential outcomes effect

Answer 43

Improved performance in discrimination training as s result of different consequences for different behaviors .
Ex different amounts of food , different types of food

Question 44

Two theories for differential outcomes effect

Answer 44

One suggest different outcomes result in different expectations . Issue is identify expectations, potentially from learning history.
Second combo of pavolv and operant there’s a lot more to it

Question 45

Stimulus control definition

Answer 45

Behavior is under stimulus control when behavior is under the influence of discriminative stimuli
Ex enter stores that have open sign can be complex too

Question 46

Two benefits of stimulus control

Answer 46

Gives us power to not waste time or energy
Gives us the power to modify our environment for success - ex knowing that some foods impact how much you eat and not purchasing them

Question 47

Important implications for generalization

Answer 47

Academics generalizing ,
Food gathering
Camouflage

Question 48

Some applications of discrimination

Answer 48

Blue jays not eating monarch butterflies and not all butterflies
Between an edible and poisonous plant
Traffic lights

Question 49

How can stimulus control affect drug relapses

Answer 49

They return to the environment that they used drugs . They must learn to avoid or cope with the environment

Question 50

Pavlov’s theory for generalization and discrimination

Answer 50

Discrimination changing results in physiological changes in the brain . It establishes an area or excitation in the brain associated with the CS+ which excited cr
Excoriation of CS - inhibits the cr ares
Issue it is circular

Question 51

Spence’s theory

Answer 51

The CS + paired with USand s+ reinforced results in increased tendency to response to the stimuli and related stimuli

Question 52

Excitatory gradient

Answer 52

Increased tendency to respond to s+ or CS+ or stimuli resembling ( excitatory gradient and then it also includes inhibitory gradient

Question 53

Inhibitory gradient

Answer 53

A decreased tendency to respond to s- or CS- or stimuli resembling them

Question 54

The lashley wade theory

Answer 54

Generalization gradients depend on prior experience with stimuli similar to those used in testing. Discrimination training increases the steepness of generalization gradient because it teaches the animal to tell the difference between the s+ and other stimuli.
They argue that prior to training it is not flat because organisms undergo discrimination training in everyday life

Question 55

Two issues against lashley wade theory

Answer 55

There has been ambiguous results that have been argue ented with pigeons reared in the dark

Question 56

Support for lashley wade theory

Answer 56

Jenkins and Harrison . Some pigeons exposed to periodic tone and then we’re not able to discriminate between tones. Whereas the pigeons that learned to discriminate between periods of tone were also discriminating against the original tone and others

Question 57

Concept definition understanding one means

Answer 57

Any class the members of which share one or more defining features 
To understand you must discriminate between stimuli that fell within the concept class and those that fall outside 
Can use discrimination training to teach concepts

Question 58

Experiment with concepts by Robert Allan

Answer 58

Used discrimination training where they got food if pigeons peck when pictures of humans shown. Learned to peck the specific area that the humans were shown

Question 59

Transposition definition

Answer 59

Composition is played on a key different than the original ex bird learned to peck the light grey and they learned to always peck the lighter one and not just the original one

Question 60

Mental rotation

Answer 60

People were shown letters that have been rotated by varying degreesd from normal upright position and were asked to determine whether it is bsckward. Ends up looking like s generalization gradient where there’s the most response closest to the training stimulus or normal letters
Main idea: mental rotation data are generalization graphs

Question 61

Smoking relapse

Answer 61

Stimulus and environment play a role. Stimulus control over tobacco use.
History of reinforcement for smoking in presence of those events

Question 62

Two approaches to preventing relapse

Answer 62

Avoid situations in the past that invoked smoking

The smoker can undergo training to reduce the control these situations

Question 63

Experimental neurosis

Answer 63

I heavily resembles something like s nervous breakdown . In s situation where they have to make subtle discriminations snd then are stressful

Question 64

What kind of generalization is discussed in the textbook

Answer 64

Stimulus generalization

Question 65

A belief ghost lack of experience with stimuli that differ from s+ would support which theory

Answer 65

Lashley snd wade

Question 66

Undergeneralization

Answer 66

Concept training recognize not enough or all

Question 67

Overgeneralization

Answer 67

Overgeneralize the elements of the concept