Unit Seven Flashcards
Proactive inhibition
The impairment of performance on a task due to the learning of a precious task
Retroactive inhibition
The impairment of performance on a task due to the learning of a subsequent task
Serial anticipation learning
A method of learning a list of verbal responses in which the subject is required to name the next item on the list being presented with the previous item
Paired associates learning
A lesrning task in which sa number of word pairs are used . The learner is presented with one word - a stimulus word and is required to provide the associated response word
Free recall
A task in which the learner is required to name as many items she can after exposure to those items . No specific stimuli or hints are supplied to the learner
Recognition task
A task in which the learner is required to specify whether or not the items. Dbeing presented were presented previously
Forgetting definition
Is the deterioration in performance following a period without practice
The relearning method is also called
The savings method
Thune and underwood used what method of study forgetting
Relearning / savings method
Lofted found that use of the word what resulted in higher estimates of car speed than the word
Smashed vs hit
Memory methods
Over learn, use mnemonics, use context clues, prompts
Forgetting is not due to
Aging injury and disease
Retention interval
They test in various ways for evidence that the learned behavior is still intact
Issue with free recall
May have some learning but free recall may not show that
Prompted or cue recall
Present hints or promote to increase the likelihood the behavior will be produced
Retraining method
The less training required to reach the previous level of performance the less forgetting has occurred
Recognition
Only has to identify material previously learned
Delayed matching to sample
There is matching for the training but there is s delay before the sample is shown and the bird is asked to identify the training stimulus. Failure to do so indicates forgetting
Extinction method
Removed from the training situation for a while. If it extinguishes faster than without the retention forgetting had occurred
Who was integral in saying memory is permanent
Sigmund frued and wilder or field
Gradient degradation
A flattening in the gradient degradation must observe the performance and not talking about it
Interval between training and relearning on forgetting
Longer interval is harder to relearn
Over learning
Learning continues after mastery increased onveroesrning reduces forgetting increased fluency also decreases forgetting
Prior lesrning
More meaningful easier to hold onto
There’s proactive which is often studied with paired lesrning (pp)
Personal inclinations affect lesrning ex the study that made it more coherent
Communist vs anticommunist the ones they believed on they remembered better
New lesrning
New learning often pushes out old learning
Cue dependent forgetting
Learning occurs with certain stimuli if they sure s sent performance suffers
Reminisce
Performance sometimes improves with the passage of time
Occurs when the the physiological conditions present during testing resemble those during training
State dependent learning
Behavior that is learned during s particular physiological state is lost when the state passes
Foraging and forgetting
Forgetting curve may be far less steep when what is learned is important to survival . Ex balda conducted an experiment in which nutcracker stored seeds and then were able to recover one to six months
Eye witness behavior
Differential learning history csn affect different reports about observed events such as the or a suggest it occurred
Flash cards what to do
Do as many as you can in one minute. Shuffle at least once a day
Mnemonic
Any device for aiding recall typically involve cues that prompt behavior to be recalled
Sometimes combines rhythm and code
Acronym
Mnemonic system
One popular is the method of loci where you visualize the things you want to remember in a place of familiarity
Another mnemonic system peg word system
Memories a list of pegs all that have numbers and can rhyme with what you want . Look at the pegs as you recall the lists
Context cuss
Study with the cues that will be present when necessary to recall
A prompt example
Ex s memorandum s hint or reminder that only the person remembers snd doesn’t include all the informstion
Ex of man who can’t forget
He had synesthesia and the senses allowed him to remember the ideas better
Gardner and Gardner showed
The failure of chimpanzees to learn to speak may be due more to differences in anatomy than in learning ability
The theories of Lamarck and Darwin both agree on
That organisms evolve as a result of the influence of the environment
The brelands showed that heredity snd genetic factors might
Facilitate learning in one situation and inhibit it in another
Physical characteristics
Some lesrning makes behavior impossible. The pigeons playing ping point illustrates they can be taught to learn if physical allowances are given
Nonheritability of learned behavior
Behavior that is acquired through lesrning dies with the individual
Lamarck was incorrect and it’s possibly good it’s not inherited because we adapt
Heredity and learning behavior
Humans identical twins separated at birth typically have similar iqs
Genes do play a role
Neurological damage and learning
Neurotoxins during pregnancy Prenatal exposure to alcohol Lead one of the worst neurotoxins Head injuries can diminish Disease and malnutrition
Critical periods
Stages for optimum learning ex a time when likely to form s bond with mom
Imprinting
Youngster will. Eco me attached to any moving object happening to pass by
Lorenz found that chicks would imprint on humans
Rheus monkeys experiment with maternal behavior
Young rheus macaques were d by a surrogate mother with s cloth covered objects, they became attached to the cloth monkeys and as adults they lacked social skills because they missed the critical period
Breland experiment with personal tendencies
Found that raccoons struggled learning some tasks because their innate behavior interfered with learning ex raccoons like to rub crayfish between their hands and wash it called INSTINCTIVE DRIFT
Other factors that influence
Taste aversion affects
Sign tracking
Aka auto shaping
Follows it as if driving if
Continuum of preparedness
An organism comes to lesrning situation genetically prepared to learn unprepared in which learning occurs more slowly or contraprepsred in which case the course of lesrning is slow and irregular
Seligmans theory,
Ex monkeys genetically prepped to fear snakes or the raccoon contraprepAred
Durability of lesrning
If what has been learned has survival value . Phobias may be a consequence of this
Note learning isn’t progressivism
Some people are more attached to some objects over others
Latent inhibition may affect feArs
One main reason behavior is important to understand and lesrning
Most large problems are behavior and if we change them learning could cause a huge change
The role of enviromentsl cues can be likened To
Stimulus control
Imagination inflation
Merely imagining an event sometimes convince people that an event took place usually an example of retroactive interference
Chad anis Simon study Comparing chefs masters and average players showed that when the pieces were arranged in s random order
Chess masters and average players forgot about the same amount
