Unit Four- Human Digestion Flashcards
palate
roof our mouth
what structures in mouth
-teeth
-tongue
-palate
-uvula
-pharynx
what are taste buds
chemoreceptor cells called papillae
what is the throat called
pharynx
how many salivary glands are there
3
what is saliva made of
water and mucus
what is salivary amylase + purpose
-digestive enzyme in saliva
-chemical digestion of large carbohydrates
what can disrupt enzyme function… what is it called
*denaturation
temperature or pH changes making them non-functional
what does the epiglottis do
closes over the trachea (throat) so food can’t get it
what covers the nasal cavity
uvula and soft plate
what two muscles are in the esophagus
longitudinal- up & down
circular- across
what is peristalsis
muscular action on the esophagus to bring food down to stomach
what side is the stomach on
slightly left
what are 3 stomach muscles
circular
longitudal
oblique
what is gastric juice made of
-water
-mucus
-hydrochloric acid
-pepsinogen (enzyme)
what id hydrochloric acids functions
-kill ingested bacteria
-convert inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin
what is pepsin
-active pepsinogen
-enzyme specific to proteins
-hydrolyzes to release individual amino acids
what is partially digested food that leaves the stomach called
chyme
what causes gastric ulcers
bacterium called helicobacter pylori
how is the small intestine attached
messer’s tissue
how many sections is the small intestine made of
3
what are fold in the small intestine
vili to increase surface area for maximum surface area & absorption of nutrients
capillaries in small intestine
absorb glucose, amino acids
, etc
a lateral in small intestine that
absorb glycerol and fatty acids
glands in small intestine
secrete mucus and enzymes
microvilli in small intestine
hair like extensions of vili cells to increase surface area
two jobs of small intestine
hydrolysis- enzymes chemically break down nutrients into monomer subunits
absorption- absorb nutrients into bloodstream
what are accessories organs of small intestine
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
*NO food travels through
bile (where is it made/stored)
liquid made in liver
stored in gall bladder
secreted into small intestine through duct
what does bile do
emulsifying- physically breaks down large fat globules
what does pancreas do
-release secretions of various digestive enzymes
-secretes basic solution of sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
what does temperature do to enzymes
-high temps make chemical bonds weak and can’t maintain shape
what is the large intestine also called
colon or bowel
what are 3 portions of large intestine
ascending- goes up
transverse- goes side ways
descending- goes down
what separates the small and large intestine
ileocaecal valve
what is the caecum
beginning of ascending colon, slows down transport of materials
where is the appendix
under the caecum
three jobs of large intestine
-reabsorb water
-produce vitamins
-release solid waste
