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Biology 20 > Unit D3 - Excretory system > Flashcards

Unit D3 - Excretory system Flashcards

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1
Q

Aldosterone:

A
  • acts on distal tubule and collecting duct
  • released during dehydration or low blood pressure
  • causes increase in Na+(sodium) pump activity
  • Na+ to blood (reabsorption) = water moves to blood via osmosis
  • H2O reabsorbed, increased blood pressure
  • Not released during hydration (high water)
  • Na+ stays in filtrate = water is not reabsorped, decrease blood pressure
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2
Q

what transport of matter is the collecting duct associated with?

A
  • reabsorbs water
  • reabsorbs Na+ ions
  • secretes waste (uric acid, urea, ammonia)
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3
Q

osmosis:

A
  • water moving across the membrane to be with the solute (low to high)
  • movement of water to equal solute concentration
  • water follows solute
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4
Q

filtrate:

A

the filtered fluid from the glomerulus to the Bowman’s capsule
- FLUID IN THE NEPHRON

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5
Q

how do the kidneys remove waste products from the body?

A
  • remove ammonia, urea, and uric acid
    -maintain water balance
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6
Q

What are the organs that excrete waste products from the body?

A

Lungs, Liver, Kidneys

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7
Q

what transport of matter is the descending loop of henle associated with?

A

reabsorbs water

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8
Q

urine formation in four main steps:

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
  • water reabsorption
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9
Q

renal pelvis:

A

the hollow center, where the kidney joins the ureter

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10
Q

distal tubule:

A
  • mainly secretion
    -H2O reabsorption
  • ADH and Aldosterone
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11
Q

renal medulla:

A

the inner layer of kidney tissue

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12
Q

Nephritis:

A
  • broad name from inflammation of the nephrons or anything that damages the nephrons
  • results in a change in the nephron permeability
  • can lead to kidney damage and failure
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13
Q

passive transport:

A
  • high to low concentration
    -diffusion
    • osmosis
    • facilitated diffusion
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14
Q

urinary bladder:

A

where urine is stored

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15
Q

how is the reabsorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct regulated?

A

the ADH and aldosterone hormone

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16
Q

Difference between ADH and aldosterone:

A

ADH directly increases how much water is reabsorbed, and aldosterone directly increases how much salt is absorbed.

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17
Q

factors that contribute to glomerular filtration:

A
  • permeability of capillaries
  • capillaries high blood pressure
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18
Q

glomerulus walls:

A
  • filtration device
  • impermeable to proteins, large molecules, and red blood cells
  • permeable to water, small molecules, ions, urea(waste products of metabolism)
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19
Q

the big idea of urine formation:

A

each nephron filters blood, reabsorbs substances such as sodium and glucose fo reuse in the body, and secretes excess or toxic substances such as urea to produce urine.

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20
Q

tubular secretion:

A

step 3
- adds wastes from the blood to the filtrate

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21
Q

What structure of the nephron is the location with the most reabsorption?

A

proximal tubule

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22
Q

the tubule part of the nephron:

A
  • connected to the Bowman’s capsule
  • twisted to form a loop
  • loop = reabsorption device
  • absorbs useful substances to the body (glucose, ions, water)
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23
Q
A
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24
Q

filter part of the nephron:

A
  • the filtration structure at the top of each nephron is a cap-like formation(bowman’s capsule)
  • within each capsule, a afferent arteriole enters and splits into glomerulus(network of capillaries)
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25
Q

ADH:

A
  • acts on distal tubule and collecting duct
  • released during dehydration or low blood pressure
  • dehydration = ADH increases distal tubule and collecting duct permeability = more water absorbed
  • Hydration = collecting duct permeability is not increased = less water absorbed
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26
Q

collecting duct:

A
  • water conservation device (reclaims water passing through it ADH)
    (these solutes and water are returned to the body via the renal veins)
  • water reabsorption
  • ADH and Aldosterone
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27
Q

how does the body deal with dehydration to maintain homeostasis?

A

dehydration (concentrated blood) = LOW water in blood = aldosterone and ADH released from brain = increased water reabsorbed = increased blood pressure

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28
Q

how is homeostasis maintained in the nephron

A

antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone

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29
Q

What transport of matter is the proximal tubule associated with?

A
  • reabsorbs water
  • secretes H+ ions
  • reabsorbs Na+ ions
  • secretes waste (uric acid, urea, ammonia)
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30
Q

ureters:

A
  • 2 muscular long tubes (approximately 28 cm)
  • carry urine from the kidney to the bladder by peristalsis
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31
Q

what is the function of the collecting duct in the nephron?

A

connected to other nephrons, helps with reabsorption of water

32
Q

secretion=

A

INTO the nephron
- to secrete is to move into the nephron for excretion(removal out of the body)

33
Q

what transport of matter is the distal tubule associated with?

A
  • reabsorbs water
  • secretes H+ ions
  • reabsorbs Na+ ions
  • secretes waste (uric acid, urea, ammonia)
34
Q

where does the compound uric acid come from?

A
  • remember the kidneys remove uric acid***
  • uric acid is a by-product of the breakdown of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
35
Q

where is the first point of filtrate secretion in the nephron?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

36
Q

where does the compound urea come from?

A
  • remember the kidneys remove urea***
  • urea is formed in the liver when ammonia is combined with carbon dioxide
  • less toxic
37
Q

Step 1 of urine formation:

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • first point of contact
  • moves water and solutes(except proteins) from blood plasma into the nephron(filtrate)
  • glomerulus filters fluid out of the blood and into Bowman’s Capsule
  • dissolved solutes are forced out with the plasma into Bowmans capsule(everything except RBC, WBC, Proteins, platelets)
  • proteins, blood cells, and platelets are too large to be filteres and they stay in the blood
38
Q

capillary net:

A

small capillaries that surround the nephron

39
Q

what matter is directly managed by ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)?

A

water

40
Q

step two of urine formation:

A
  • tubular reabsorption
  • removes useful substances from the filtrate and returns them into the blood for reuse by body systems
  • useful substances include: water, salt, H+ ions, glucose, amino acids
  • approximately 65% of filtrate that passes through the proximal tubule is reabsorbed and returned to the body
  • reabsorption occurs through active and passive transport
  • the cells of the proximal tubule have MANY mitochondria = lots of ATP available
  • ATP drive the active transport of sodium ions, glucose, and other solutes back into the blood
    -descending and ascending loop of henule
41
Q

what does the body do with hydration to maintain homeostasis?

A

hydration (dilute blood) = HIGH water in blood = no ADH or Aldosterone released = Decreased water absorbed = decreased blood pressure

42
Q

kidney dysfunctions:

A
  • diabetes
  • nephritis
  • kidney stones
  • dialysis
43
Q

the duct part of the nephron:

A
  • the tubule empties into the collecting duct (a large pipe-like channel)
  • the filtrate remains in the ducts = urine
44
Q

diabetes:

A
  • diabetes insipidus
    • ADH activity is insufficient
    • person urinates excessively which leads to
      severe dehydration
  • Diabetes Mellitus
    • inadequate secretion of insulin by the pancreas
    • results in high blood glucose levels which leads
      to large amounts of sugary urine
45
Q

reabsorption=

A

OUT of the nephron
- to absorb is to absorb into the blood (out of the nephron)

46
Q

Nephrons:

A
  • inside the renal medulla/cortex
  • the functional unit of the kidneys
  • over 1 million per kidney
  • responsible for filtering various substances from the blood, transforming it into urine
47
Q

diuretic:

A

anything that makes you pee or poo

48
Q

How does the liver excrete waste products from the body?

A
  • removes bile pigments(from breakdown of hemoglobin)
  • removes lactic acid (from anaerobic cellular respiration)
  • eliminates toxins such as alcohol and heavy metals
49
Q

What does the blood pathway in the kidney consist of?

A

renal artery and renal vein and capillary net

50
Q

descending loop of Henle:

A

permeable to water
- results in reabsorption of water through osmosis

51
Q

active transport:

A
  • low to high concentration
  • requires energy
  • against the concentration gradient
52
Q

step 3 of urine formation:

A
  • tubular secretion
  • movement from blood to tubules
  • moves additional wastes and excess substances from the blood into the filtrate
  • the active transport of waste from the blood into the nephrons(uric acid, ammonia, urea)
  • the pH balance of blood is also adjusted by the secretion of H+ ions (low blood pH = high H+ concentration/ H+ secretion)
  • occurs mainly in the distal tubule
53
Q

are nephrons and the glomerulus semi-permeable or permeable membranes?

A

semi-permeable

54
Q

glomerular filtration:

A

step 1
creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

55
Q

tubular reabsorption:

A

step 2
- removes useful substances from the filtrate and returns them to the blood for reuse

56
Q

urinary sphincter:

A

controls the release of urine into the urethra

57
Q

water reabsorption:

A

step 4
- removes water from the filtrate and returns it to the blood for reuse

58
Q

renal artery:

A

carries blood into the kidney (glomerulus)
-afferent arteriole is into, efferent arteriole is out
of

59
Q

Kidneys:

A
  • 2 fist-sized, located on either side of the spine in the lower back
  • filter waste from blood
  • create urine
  • adjust the concentration of ions in the blood(potassium and sodium)
  • humans are capable of functioning with only one.
60
Q

Where does the compound ammonia come from?

A
  • remember the kidneys remove ammonia***
  • ammonia gas is the by-product when excess protein undergoes deamination in the liver
  • very toxic
61
Q

renal cortex:

A

outer layer of kidney tissue

62
Q

ascending loop of Henle:

A

permeable to sodium ions
- results in reabsorption of sodium
- active transport

63
Q

urine:

A
  • in the collecting duct, reabsorptionof water occurs to increase the concentration of filtrate(urine)
  • urine goes to the renal pelvid
    • down to ureters to bladder
    • out urethra
64
Q

What are the three parts of the nephron?

A

a filter, a tubule, a duct

65
Q

what transport of matter is the ascending loop of henle associated with?

A

reabsorbs Na+ ions (sodium)

66
Q

What is the function of the excretory system:

A
  • regulates the volume & composition of body fluids
  • removes metabolic wastes from the blood, excretes waste out of the body
67
Q

what are the three sections of the kidney tissue:

A
  • renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis
68
Q

step 4 of urine formation:

A
  • water reabsorption
  • mainly occurs in the collecting duct but also distal tubule
  • the filtrate entering the collecting duct and distal tubule still contains a lot of water
  • removes water from the filtrate and returns it to the blood for reuse by body systems
  • the filtrate in the duct is 4 times as concentrated as the original filtrate
69
Q

urethra:

A
  • tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body
    • in males, its roughly 20 cm long and merges
      with the reproductive tract
    • in females, it’s roughly 4 cm long and the
      reproductive and urinary tracts have separate
      openings
70
Q

kidney stones:

A

precipitation of mineral solutes creates sharp stones

71
Q

what happens if plasma is too acidic in the glomerulus:

A

H+ actively transported into nephron from capillaries(secretion)

72
Q

what matter is directly managed by aldosterone?

A

Sodium (Na+) ions

73
Q

bowman’s capsule:

A
  • filtration structure at the top of each nephron that is in a cap-like formation
  • filtration by size(everything except proteins and cells)
  • forms filtrate
74
Q

How do the lungs remove waste from the body?

A

They remove carbon dioxide (from cellular respiration)

75
Q

dialysis:

A
  • treatment for renal insufficiency
  • treatment that filters and purifies the blood using a machine

2 types
-hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

76
Q

renal vein:

A

carries blood away from the kidneys (nephron)
- blood leaving kidney is cleaner but has less
oxygen

Biology 20 (9 decks)

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