Unit D2: Circulatory and Immune Systmes Flashcards
veins:
-Carry blood TOWARDS the heart
(usually oxygen-poor/deoxygenated blood)
- have thinner walls with large inner circumference
- not elastic (cannot contract like arteries)
- have one-way valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards
- blood is moved through veins by contraction and relaxation of the skeletal muscles around veins
- lowest blood pressure
septum:
verticle muscular wall that separates the left and the right sides of the heart
Interstitial fluid:
- bathes all the cells in the body
- the interstitial fluid is absorbed into vessels of the lymphatic circulatory system
- Finally, the fluid rejoins the main circulatory system (into veins) through ducts near the heart
antigen:
molecule found on the surface of cells and pathogens
- provide identification for the cell
(recognizable marker)
The events of the nervous control to beat the heart:
- The beat (contraction) is set by the SA node
- The electrical signal passes onto both atria causing them to simultaneously contract
- The signal reaches the atrioventricular (AV node)
- The AV node transmits the signal through the ‘Bundle of His’ (in the septum) which transmits the signal to the Purjunkie Fibres(upsides of ventricles)
- The right and left ventricles contract
functions of the heart:
- pump blood through the body
- keep oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood separated
- ensure blood only flows in one direction
hemoglobin:
iron containing molecules that bind with oxygen
inferior vena cava:
collects deoxygenated blood from the central and lower body (lower body)
Congenital heart defects:
-congential means present since birth
- murmur - one of more valves is not opening or closing properly
- hole in the heart- hole in the septum
- fatigue and exhaustion
Immune system disorders:
- Autoimmune diseases
- Allergies
- Immunodeficiency
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
Blood type AB because the plasma contains neither antibodies
systemic pathway:
- blood to and from rest of the body
- blood moves from the left ventricle(oxygenated) to the bodies tissues(aorta)
- O2 and nutrients move into tissue cells
- waste products move out of tissue cells and into the blood
Blood Pressure:
- The pressure applied against the vessels in the body as blood passes through
- Changes in blood pressure correspond to phases of the heartbeat (systolic and diabolic)
The Rh factor:
-an antigen found on the surface of red blood cells in many people
- you either have the Rh antigen (Rh+) or you dont (Rh-)
- Rh people only develop anti-Rh antibodies once they are exposed to the Rh antigen
atrioventricular valves:
(AV)
-separates the atria from the ventricles
- prevents backflow
- tricuspid and bicuspid valves
how much of our blood is made up of red blood cells?
44%
aorta:
the largest blood vessel in the body that leaves the left ventricle carry oxygenated blood to the body
- artery
what are the three major parts of the circulatory system?
-blood vessels
- heart
- blood
pulmonary semilunar valve:
- right semilunar valve that separates right ventricle from arteries that go to the lungs
what is the primary component of lymph?
interstitial fluid from blood plasma
BActerial infection:
- attacking cells from the outside
-typically external (outside of cell)
-immunal response: macrophage - living cells that need cell resp.
Hypertension:
- “The Silent Killer”
- High blood pressure (due to diet and genetics)
- Weakens blood vessels, and may cause them to rupture
superior vena cava:
- collects deoxygenated blood from the heart, chest, and arms (upper body)
which phase of the cardiac cycle invovles the generation of a pulse?
ventricular systole
Thrombin:
Chemical that aids in blood clotting by activating fibrin
whats the average blood pressure:
120/80
Which lymphocyte is responsible for anti-body mediated immunity/humoral?
B cells
The fluid portion of blood:
- 55% is plasma
- medium in which all blood cells suspended in
- made up of:
-water*- dissolved gases(CO2)
- proteins
- sugars
- vitamins
- salts/ions
- hormones
- waste*
Two types of infection:
Bacterial and Viral
how much of our blood is made up by platelets?
less than 1%
what are red blood cells called?
erythrocytes
Perkinje fibres:
- causes ventricular systole
- along septum on curved parts of ventricles
-cardiac muscle fibers forming a network in the ventricular walls that conduct electric impulses responsible for the contractions of the ventricles.-
whats the average resting heart rate:
70-75 beats/min (80-100 for adolescents)
arteries:
- carry blood AWAY from the heart (usually oxygenated/oxygen-rich)
- have thick, muscular, elastic walls that are strong to prevent ruptures
- relaxes and contracts as blood surges from the heart
- greatest blood pressure (fast-flowing blood)
- blood moves in pulses(surges of blood)
- no valves
antibody:
proteins that recognize foreign substances in the body and neutralize or destroy them
role=to fight things we dont want in the body
- Y-shaped protein that recognizes antigens
- travel in plasma
- produced by B-Cells in the body in immune response
Flow of blood through the heart:
- the superior and inferioir vena cava carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
- blood moves through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
- blood is pumped by the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve into the left and right pulmonary arteries
- In the lungs, O2 diffuses into the blood
- Blood then enters the pulmonary veins which take it back to the heart**these are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood
- Blood enters the left atrium and then moves through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
- oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the aorta
- tissues use oxygen in blood, the deoxygenated blood goes back
what are the three main types of blood vessels?
arteries, capillaries, and veins
Formed portion of blood:
- 45%
- consists of 3 components(red blood cells white blood cells, and platelets)
lymphatic system:
- helps maintian the balance of fluids in the body
- works with the white blood cells to protect the body against infection
Memory T Cells:
Recognize foreign cells in the future
capillaries:
- tiny vessels where gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged
- capillaries are tiny, only one cell thick
- only 8 micrometers in diameter - just wide enough for a single blood cell to fit through
- ~1 billion capillaries in the body
- very large surface area
- forms the connection between arterioles and venules
Red blood cells:
- erythrocytes
- 44%
- a red flexible bi-concave cell
- no nucleus
- specialized for oxygen transport
- contains hemoglobin
- small
ventricles:
- lower chambers that recieve blood from the atrium and pump it either to the lungs(right ventricle, deoxygenated) or to the body(left ventricle, oxygenated)
What does the circulatory sytem consist of?
- the heart
- blood vessels
- blood
lymph nodes:
house lymphocytes (white blood cells that filter bacteria to protect the body from infection)
what are the threem main pathways of the circulatory system?
- pulmonary
- systemic
- coronary
Rh+:
People WITH the Rh factor are Rh+
- Rh+ cannot donate to Rh-
- Rh+ can only donate to other Rh+ blood types
What are the two main functions of blood?
Transport and homeostatic regulation
Summary of the immune response steps:
- Macrophage engulfs pathogens and identifies the
pathogens as bad - Helper T recognize antigens on pathogens and
releases the chemical messenger lymphokines - Plasma cells make antibodies to match this
antigen - Killer T cells bind with infected cells and kill them
to prevent the spread of the virus - Suppressor T slow the immune system down
once pathogens are dead - Memory B cells remain in blood to act quickly if the antigen encounters again
Viral infection:
- non-living particle
- internal
-immunal response: - macrophage (outside of cell)
- Killer T cell (inside of cell)
-smaller than bacteria
-attacking cells from the inside
B-cells:
-mature in bone marrow
-produce antibodies which lock onto the surface of the invading cell and mark it for destruction
Memory B cells:
Remain in the blood to recognize antigens quickly in the future
Arteriosclerosis:
-general term in which artery walls thicken, harden, and lose their eleastic properties
-plaque on inside of artery walls
-flow is limited, increasing blood pressure
Atria:
- atrium singular
- UPPER chambers that fill with blood returning to the heart either from the lungs(left atrium, oxygenated) or from the body(right atrium, deoxygenated)
Heart attack:
- blood clot in the coronary artery
- can lead to heart failure
systolic pressure:
Maximum pressure during ventricular contraction(systole)
-contraction
- a pulse is ventricular systole (max blood pressure)
function of lymphocyte white blood cells:
Formation of antibodies
- activates the immune system and immune memory
heart valves:
- ensures one-way flow and prevents back flow
- two sets of valves (semilunar and atrioventricular)
aortic semilunar valve:
- left semilunar valve
diastolic pressure:
Minimum pressure during ventricular relaxation(diastole)
-relaxation
homeostatic regulation:
- blood regulates the concentration of substances and heat in the body
- blood regulates body temperature (blood passes by skin = warmer than the skin itself)
- When body’s internal temperature becomes too hot = blood transports heat from where it is formed(cellular respiration and muscular activity) to blood vessels under skin
- vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Sinus node:
- SA
- generates electrical impulses that set the rythm and rate of the heart
-“pacemaker” - causes the heart to beat setting a rythm of approximately 70 beats per minute
- located in the wall of the right atrium
-initiates electrical impulses in the right atrium
tricuspid valve:
The atrioventricular valve that has 3 flaps and separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
- The RIGHT atrioventricular valve
function of red blood cells:
to carry oxygen and carbdon dioxide to and from cells
In which direction do veins carry blood?
towards to heart
vasodilation in homeostatic regulation of blood:
- the blood vessels dilate/widen to increase the amount of heat that can be lost from skin
- heat dissipation, decreased body temp
White blood cells:
- leukocytes
- less than 1% of volume
- large colorless cell with a nuclues
- part of the body’s response to infection
- most important group of leukocytes are called macrophages and lymphocytes
- largest
- produced in bone marrow but mature in lymph nodes
what are the structures of the heart?
- atria
- ventricles
- septum
- superior vena cava
- inferioir vena cava
- pulmonary arteries
- pulmonary veins
- aorta
What is the movement of an electrical impulse?
- SA node initates an impulse
- Signal moves the to atrium which causes atrial
systole - Signal reconvenes at AV node which delays the
signal to ensure atrial and ventricular systole do
not occur at the same time - ELectrical signal passes through bundle of his
- Electrical signal reaches purkinje which causes
ventricular systole
Platelets:
- tiny cell fragments of cells from the bone marrow
- no nuclues and break down quickly
- play a key role in blood clotting (prevent blood loss)
- leads to formation of fibrin
-smallest
which side of the heart carries oxygenated blood vs deoxygenated blood?
left side = oxygenated
rigth side= deoxygenated
Suppressor T Cells:
Slow immune system once pathogens are dead to prevent own cell digestion
First line of defence against pathogens:
- physical defences
- keeps out 90% of infections
- nose
- sinuses
- tonsils
- eyelids
- eyelashes
-tears - hair
- ear wax
- skin
- mucus membranes
- stomach acid
In what direction do arteries carry blood?
away from the heart
third line of defence against pathogens:
specific defenses
- adaptive immunity
- invloves two types of specific white blood cells called lymphocytes
-lymphocytes produce antibodies(proteins) after
the invaders intrude and are detected
- lymphocytes are split into two groups depending on where they mature (T and B cells)
what blood vessels have the highest blood pressure?
blood pressure decreases from the biggest arteries to the biggest veins
- arteries have the highest blood pressure and veins have the lowest
What are the four main groups of T cells:
- Helper T-cells
- Killer T-cells
- Suppressor T cells
- Memory T cells
What are the three main functions of the circulatory system?
- TRANSPORT (transport gases nutrient molecules and waste materials?
- HOMEOSTASIS (regulates internal temperature and transports hormones)
- PROTECTION (protects against blood loss from injury and protects against disease)
Macrophage:
- type of white blood cell
- specializes in phagocytosis(engulf and digest)
- antigen presentation
What lymphocyte is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
Plasma/Effector B Cells:
They produce antibodies(200 per second) that bind to foreign antigens and identify them for T cells
What is a pulse?
-bump under neck because of a massive surge of blood
- massive surge of blood is cause by ventricular systole
second line of defence against pathogens:
- non specific defences
- internal or inflammatory response
- involves macrophages (phagocytic white blood cells)
- upon arrival of pathogens, leukocytes release histamine
-increases white blood cell flow and temperature- macrophages engulf some of the invading bacteria
what are white blood cells called?
leukocytes
What are the two main groups of B-cells?
Plasma/effector B Cells and Memory B Cells
Aneurysm:
- a buldge in the wall of a weakened blood vessel usually an artery
-can rupture
-may result in death
whats the role of capillaries:
exchanges matter
Measuring blood pressure:
- blood pressure can be measured by a device called a sphygmomanometer(commonly called blood pressure cuff)
- units: millimetres of Mercury(mmHg)
- when you feel your pulse in your neck or wrist, you are feeling a systol
- during exercise, the ventricles must push a greater volume of blood per unit of time -> pressure within arterial system increases
order of blood vessles:
artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein
What lymphocyte produces lymphokines?
helper t cells
Killer T Cells:
Bind with infected cells and kill them(prevent the spread of virus)
-cytotoxins
AV node:
delays electrical signal to ensure that atrial and ventricular systole do not occur at the same time
bicuspid valve:
the atrioventricular valve that has two flaps and separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
-2 flaps = stronger
- the LEFT atrioventricular valve
pulmonary veins:
- blood vessels that carry blood back from the lungs to the left atrium
(oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart)
pulmonary pathway:
- to and from the lungs
- oxygen-blood is brought to the lungs through the pulmonary artery
- O2 and CO2 move between capillaries and alveoli through diffusion
- oxygen-rich blood is brought to the left side of the heart with pulmonary vein
fibrin:
- insoluble and strong material that forms a mesh to trap escaping blood cells
- forms mesh which traps nearby red blood cells
Lymphocyte:
T cells and B cells
- type of white blood cell
Who is the universal donor blood type?
Blood type O because it contains neither antigens
coronary pathway:
-provides blood to the tissue of the heart itself
- blood goes to and from the cardiac muscle
T-cells:
- mature in thymus gland
- their mission is to seek out intruders and signal the attack after identifying the intruder by its antigen
why do lymph nodes swell from an infection?
increased leukocyte production and activity
histamine:
causes blood vessels to swell (inflammatory response)
lymphatic circulatory system:
- part of the circulatory system
- a network of vessels with associated glands or nodes that extend throughout the body
- drains and filters plasma content
Vasoconstriction in homeostatic regulation of blood:
- the constriction/narrowing of blood vessels near the surface of the skin
-reducing the amount of heat lost at skin, increased body temp - increased blood pressure
function of macrophage white blood cells:
- to engulf foreign particles through phagocytosis
- antigen presentation
Helper T-Cells:
Indentify antigens on pathogen and release the chemical messenger lymphokine
Rh-:
People WITHOUT the Rh factor are Rh-
- Rh- can donate to Rh+ and other Rh-
function of platelets:
- play a role in blood clotting(prevention of blood loss)
what two components of blood are the principle components for clotting?
erythrocytes and platelets
cardiovascular disorders:
- leading cause of deaths among Canadians
- congenital heart defects
- hypertension
- aneurysm
-arteriosclerosis - heart attack
Semilunar valves:
separates the ventricles from the arteries
- pulmonary and aortic semilunar valve
Bundle of His:
- electrical signal passes through it
- along the vertical part of the septum
- a part of the electrical system of the heart
what is the origin of the formed portion of blood?
All 3 components of the formed portion of blood(white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets) come from red bone marrow
location of the heart:
located slightly to the left of center of chest
How does antibody-mediated immunity work?
The specialized lymphocytes (T and B cells) have antigen receptors which allow them to recognize foreign antigens
info on the heart:
- walls made of cardiac muscle
- contractions are rythmic and involuntary
- has valves so blood only flows one way
- has four chambers (two on top and two on bottom)
- 2 atria and 2 ventricles
Lymphatic vessels:
- collect a fluid called lymph
- they are like veins because they use valves that prevent backflow and slow muscle contractions to move the fluid
- along the lymph vessels are enlargements called lymph nodes
pulmonary arteries:
The blood vessels that carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
(away from the heart and to the lungs)
how much of our blood is made up of leukocytes?
less than 1%
what are the two portions of blood:
fluid and formed portion
lymph:
- made up of interstitial fluid
- colourless or pale yellow
- composition is like the plasma of blood
- forms in closed-ended tubes in capillary beds
what component of blood contains hemoglobin?
erythrocytes/red blood cells
does a pulse move through the vein or the artery?
flow through the artery and will continue to flow in one direction because of propulsion from high blood pressure
