Bio 20 Unit C2 Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Chemiosmosis:

A
  • H+ ions flow through ATP synthase to create ATP
  • O2 acts as the final electron acceptor and joins with the H+ ions to make H2O
  • makes 32-34 ATP
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2
Q

Overall glycolysis numbers:

A
  • 2 ATP molecules are created
  • 2 ATP invested to create 4 ATP (-2 + 4 = 2)
  • 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH
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3
Q

where do the monomers of lipids go in absorption?

A

into the lymph vessel through diffusion

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4
Q

Cellular respiration equation:

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

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5
Q

Cellular respiration overview:

A
  • all organisms undergo cellular respiration
  • converts chemical energy (glucose) into usable energy (ATP)
  • occurs in mitochondrion and cytoplasm of a cell
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6
Q

monomer of carbohydrates?

A

monosacharides

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7
Q

where are carbohydrase secreted?

A

pancrease and salivary glands`

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8
Q

where do the monomers of carbohydrates go in absorption?

A

monosaccharides absorb into capillaries(blood vessels through active transport)

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9
Q

in dehydration synthesis is water used or produced?

A

produced as a byproduct

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10
Q

who carries out glycolysis?

A

all organisms carry out glycolysis

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11
Q

what is ATP hydrolysis?

A

Process of turning ATP to ADP

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12
Q

the monomer of lipids?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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13
Q

Energy harvest on glycolysis:

A
  • energy payoff
  • the two G3P molecules undergo a series of reactions that generate four ATP and two NADH molecules
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14
Q

What processes require ATP hydrolysis(ATP to ADP):

A
  • active transport
  • muscle contraction
  • endocytosis
  • biochemical synthesis
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15
Q

Glucose activation in glycolysis:

A
  • energy investment
  • the energy of two ATP molecules is used to convert glucose to the highly reactive fructose bisphosphate(C6H14O12P2), which splits into two reactive molecules of G3P
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16
Q

what cycle has FADH2 reducing power?

A

Kreb’s cycle

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17
Q

what are the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration:

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation/linking reaction
  3. Krebs cycle/Citric Acid cycle/ TCA cycle
  4. Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis/ oxidative phosphorylation
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18
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

the cytoplasm

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19
Q

Types of cellular respiuration:

A

-Aerobic (takes place when oxygen is present)
-Anaerobic (takes place in absence of oxygen)

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20
Q

Prokaryotes:

A

single cell organisms

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21
Q

where do the monomers of proteins go in absorption?

A

amino acids go into the capillaries by active transport

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22
Q

what processes do not require ATP hydrolysis?

A
  • facilitated diffusion
  • oxidation
  • simple diffusion
  • osmosis
23
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) (step 4):

A
  • the vast majority of ATP in aerobic cellular respiration is produced in the electron transport chain
  • high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 produced in the Krebs cycle are passed to electron-carrying molecules
  • This energy is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space
24
Q

Ethanol fermentation:

A
  • pyruvate is converted to CO2 and ethanol (2C)
  • The reduced NADH is reoxidized (back to NAD+) so that glycolysis can continue
  • common is yeast
  • C6H12O6 -> 2 ethanol (C2H5OH) + 2 ATP + 2CO2
  • the purpose is to recycle and oxidize NADH, no ATP made,
25
Q

What is the role of electrons in the ETC?

A

To support the active transport of protons in order to make ATP

26
Q

what are the byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

32-34 ATP
FAD+
NAD+
H2O

27
Q

what happens during energy payoff in glycolysis?

A

4 ATP and 2 NADH is produced

28
Q

which phase of cellular respiration oxidizes reducing power?

A

electron transport chain

29
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration:

A
  • without oxygen
  • produces 2 ATP and either lactic acid or ethanol & CO2
  • results in incomplete oxidation of glucose
  • 2 stages
30
Q

where are protease secreted?

A

stomach and pancreas

31
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

32
Q

Glycolysis(step 1):

A
  • does not need oxygen
  • occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell (outside of mitochondrion)
  • glycolysis means “sugar splitting” -> requires ATP
  • glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules
33
Q

in hydrolysis is water used or produced?

34
Q

what are the byproducts of the linking reaction per glucose?

A

2 acetyl-CoA
2 NADH

35
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration:

A
  • takes place with oxygen
  • complete oxidation (breakdown) of glucose
  • produces 36-38 ATP and CO2 and H2O per glucose
  • has 4 stages
36
Q

where does the TCA cycle or Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

37
Q

aerobic and anaerobic respiration are similar because……

A

They both release energy from glucose

38
Q

Pyruvate oxidation (step 2):

A
  • linking reaction
  • in the mitochondria matrix
  • NAD+ is reduced to NADH
  • co-enzyme-A (coA) attaches to remaining 2 carbon portion to make acetyl CoA
  • Step happens twice because there are 2 pyruvates
39
Q

which phase of cellular respiration oxidizes reducing power?

A

Electron transport chain/ oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

overall ATP in aerobic cell resp:

41
Q

where are lipase secreted?

42
Q

Net production of glycolysis:

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules per glucose molecule

43
Q

Kreb’s Cycle (step 3):

A
  • occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion
  • transforms the energy of glucose into reducing power of NADH and FADH2 (electron suppliers)
  • remaining carbon atoms of acetyl coA are fully oxidized to 2 CO2
  • 1 ATP, 1FADH2, and 3 NADH are produced
  • happens twice because there are 2 acetyl CoA’s
44
Q

Lactic acid fermentation:

A
  • pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
  • the reduced NADH is reoxidized (back to NAD+) so that glycolysis can continue
  • common in muscles
  • occurs in bacteria
45
Q

what happens during energy investment in glycolysis?

A

Glucose is turned into 2 G3P

46
Q

what location does pyruvate oxidation?

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

47
Q

What are the two types of anaerobic cellular respiration:

A
  • Alcohol fermentation, C6H12O6 -> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP
  • Lactic acid fermentation, C6H12O6 -> 2 C3H6O3 + 2 ATP
48
Q

where does the ETC or oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

The inner membrane

49
Q

what is the NET production of ATP from one glucose molecule in the Kreb’s cycle?

50
Q

what are the byproducts of Krebs cycle:

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

51
Q

What are the two stages of anaerobic cellular respiration:

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. fermentation
52
Q

what is the aerobic cellular respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + ^O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

53
Q

what are the products of cellular respiration that leave the mitochondrion?

A

carbon dioxide, ATP, and water