Bio 20 Unit C2 Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Chemiosmosis:
- H+ ions flow through ATP synthase to create ATP
- O2 acts as the final electron acceptor and joins with the H+ ions to make H2O
- makes 32-34 ATP
Overall glycolysis numbers:
- 2 ATP molecules are created
- 2 ATP invested to create 4 ATP (-2 + 4 = 2)
- 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH
where do the monomers of lipids go in absorption?
into the lymph vessel through diffusion
Cellular respiration equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
Cellular respiration overview:
- all organisms undergo cellular respiration
- converts chemical energy (glucose) into usable energy (ATP)
- occurs in mitochondrion and cytoplasm of a cell
monomer of carbohydrates?
monosacharides
where are carbohydrase secreted?
pancrease and salivary glands`
where do the monomers of carbohydrates go in absorption?
monosaccharides absorb into capillaries(blood vessels through active transport)
in dehydration synthesis is water used or produced?
produced as a byproduct
who carries out glycolysis?
all organisms carry out glycolysis
what is ATP hydrolysis?
Process of turning ATP to ADP
the monomer of lipids?
fatty acids and glycerol
Energy harvest on glycolysis:
- energy payoff
- the two G3P molecules undergo a series of reactions that generate four ATP and two NADH molecules
What processes require ATP hydrolysis(ATP to ADP):
- active transport
- muscle contraction
- endocytosis
- biochemical synthesis
Glucose activation in glycolysis:
- energy investment
- the energy of two ATP molecules is used to convert glucose to the highly reactive fructose bisphosphate(C6H14O12P2), which splits into two reactive molecules of G3P
what cycle has FADH2 reducing power?
Kreb’s cycle
what are the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration:
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation/linking reaction
- Krebs cycle/Citric Acid cycle/ TCA cycle
- Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis/ oxidative phosphorylation
Where does glycolysis occur?
the cytoplasm
Types of cellular respiuration:
-Aerobic (takes place when oxygen is present)
-Anaerobic (takes place in absence of oxygen)
Prokaryotes:
single cell organisms
where do the monomers of proteins go in absorption?
amino acids go into the capillaries by active transport
what processes do not require ATP hydrolysis?
- facilitated diffusion
- oxidation
- simple diffusion
- osmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) (step 4):
- the vast majority of ATP in aerobic cellular respiration is produced in the electron transport chain
- high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 produced in the Krebs cycle are passed to electron-carrying molecules
- This energy is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space
Ethanol fermentation:
- pyruvate is converted to CO2 and ethanol (2C)
- The reduced NADH is reoxidized (back to NAD+) so that glycolysis can continue
- common is yeast
- C6H12O6 -> 2 ethanol (C2H5OH) + 2 ATP + 2CO2
- the purpose is to recycle and oxidize NADH, no ATP made,
What is the role of electrons in the ETC?
To support the active transport of protons in order to make ATP
what are the byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation?
32-34 ATP
FAD+
NAD+
H2O
what happens during energy payoff in glycolysis?
4 ATP and 2 NADH is produced
which phase of cellular respiration oxidizes reducing power?
electron transport chain
Anaerobic cellular respiration:
- without oxygen
- produces 2 ATP and either lactic acid or ethanol & CO2
- results in incomplete oxidation of glucose
- 2 stages
where are protease secreted?
stomach and pancreas
what is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
Oxygen
Glycolysis(step 1):
- does not need oxygen
- occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell (outside of mitochondrion)
- glycolysis means “sugar splitting” -> requires ATP
- glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules
in hydrolysis is water used or produced?
used
what are the byproducts of the linking reaction per glucose?
2 acetyl-CoA
2 NADH
Aerobic cellular respiration:
- takes place with oxygen
- complete oxidation (breakdown) of glucose
- produces 36-38 ATP and CO2 and H2O per glucose
- has 4 stages
where does the TCA cycle or Kreb’s cycle occur?
Matrix of the mitochondria
aerobic and anaerobic respiration are similar because……
They both release energy from glucose
Pyruvate oxidation (step 2):
- linking reaction
- in the mitochondria matrix
- NAD+ is reduced to NADH
- co-enzyme-A (coA) attaches to remaining 2 carbon portion to make acetyl CoA
- Step happens twice because there are 2 pyruvates
which phase of cellular respiration oxidizes reducing power?
Electron transport chain/ oxidative phosphorylation
overall ATP in aerobic cell resp:
36-38 ATP
where are lipase secreted?
pancrease
Net production of glycolysis:
2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules per glucose molecule
Kreb’s Cycle (step 3):
- occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion
- transforms the energy of glucose into reducing power of NADH and FADH2 (electron suppliers)
- remaining carbon atoms of acetyl coA are fully oxidized to 2 CO2
- 1 ATP, 1FADH2, and 3 NADH are produced
- happens twice because there are 2 acetyl CoA’s
Lactic acid fermentation:
- pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
- the reduced NADH is reoxidized (back to NAD+) so that glycolysis can continue
- common in muscles
- occurs in bacteria
what happens during energy investment in glycolysis?
Glucose is turned into 2 G3P
what location does pyruvate oxidation?
Matrix of the mitochondria
What are the two types of anaerobic cellular respiration:
- Alcohol fermentation, C6H12O6 -> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP
- Lactic acid fermentation, C6H12O6 -> 2 C3H6O3 + 2 ATP
where does the ETC or oxidative phosphorylation occur?
The inner membrane
what is the NET production of ATP from one glucose molecule in the Kreb’s cycle?
2
what are the byproducts of Krebs cycle:
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
What are the two stages of anaerobic cellular respiration:
- glycolysis
- fermentation
what is the aerobic cellular respiration equation?
C6H12O6 + ^O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
what are the products of cellular respiration that leave the mitochondrion?
carbon dioxide, ATP, and water
