Bio 20 Unit C Photosynthesis Flashcards
what 2 structures are associated with the active transport of protons?
stroma to thylakoid lumen
Reduction Stage:
Stage 2
- light independent photosynthesis
- the two PGA molecules are in a low energy state (3PGA)
- activated by ATP and then reduced by NADPH
- the result of these reactions is two molecules of G3P
- 2 sets leave the cycle to make glucose and the other 10 moves onto third stage
chloroplasts:
an organelle found in mesophyll tissues of the leaf that perform photosynthesis
- double membrane
- includes stroma and thylakoids
-contains chlorophyll molecules and other pigments that capture light
Electromagnetic radiation:
energy that travels in waves measured in photons
what is catabolic metabolism?
- metabolic pathway that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones
- releases energy
- cellular respiration
(larger to smaller)
NADPH:
- An electron carrier/donor
- NADP+ + H+ + 2e- (oxidized)
- NADPH (reducing power)
total light equation for light dependent photosynthesis:
12H2O(photolysis) + sunlight(photo-oxidation) -> 6O2 + 18ATP ( chemiosmosis) + 12 NADPH(reduction NADP+ reductase)
Photon:
a packet of energy at a given wavelength
- each photon has a particular wavelength measured in nanometers
RuBP:
5-carbon compound in the stroma
difference between photosystem 1 and 2?
Photosystem 2 uses photolysis, Photosystem 1 does not
in photosynthesis, what is the energy that is released by the excited electrons used for?
it is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane against the concentration gradient using active transport.
transmission:
when electrons vibrate and energy is reemitted as a light wave
Reduction redox reaction:
an atom or molecule is reduced when it GAINS an electron (negative charge)
carbon-fixation:
- Stage 1
- The carbon atom is bonded to RuBP
- catalized by rubisco
- the resulting 6 carbon compound (6C intermediate) is unstable and immediately breaks down into two PGA molecules
What work does ATP help the cell achieve:
- Active transport
- synthesizing compounds (enzymes, nucleic acids)
- contraction of muscles
- movement of cilia/flagella
lamella:
membrane linkages between thylakoids
what is the process of making ATP in light-dependent photosynthesis called?
chemiosmosis
Reducing power:
The potential of any substace to reduce another substance
Oxidation redox reaction:
an atom or molecule is oxidized when it LOSES an electron (gains a positive charge)
- source of energy for reducing power
ATP:
- ATP is the usable form of chemical energy within cells
Phosphorylation:
- chemical addition of phosphoryl group (PO3-)
- ADP to ATP
What colour and energy level are long wavelengths?
Long wavelengths are red and have LOW energy
overall photosynthesis equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
thylakoid membrane:
Location of chlorophyll and site of photon capture (light) and photosynthesis
ETC:
electron transport chain
a series of membrane proteins, releases energy in small portions
absorption:
when atoms/molecules vibration frequency matches the frequency of light
where does light independed reactions occur?
stroma
synthesis
putting together different entities to make a whole which is new and different
Light independent photosynthesis equation:
6CO2(carbon fixation) + 18 ATP(regeneration and reduction) + 12 NADPH(reduction) -> C6H12O6(glucose)
Hydrolysis:
breaking down a chemical compound using the splitting of water
PGA:
3-carbon compound
Glucose:
- C6H12O6
- transport molecule
- energy storage
- synthesized during photosynthesis
- used by plants to make - cellulose(structural) and starch(energy storage)
photo-oxidation:
capture solar energy and transfer it to electrons
LIght independent photsynthesis:
- does NOT require energy
- the energy of ATP and reducing power of NADPH are used to turn CO2 into G3P
- occurs in stroma
what are the two types of metabolism?
anabolic and catabolic
Lumen:
fluid inside thylakoid
Calvin cycle:
- The energy of ATP and electrons from NADPH(from light independent photsynthesis) are used to reduce carbon dioxide to make G3P
- byproducts: 2 ADP and 1 NADP+ per one carbon
Glucose production:
building one glucose C6H12O6 requires:
- carbon from 6CO2
- energy from 18ATP
- electrons and H+ ions from 12 NADPH
Chlorophyll:
-molecule responsible for photosynthesis
- green coloured pigment
- absorbs light energy to begin the process of photosynthesis
- a and b (2 types)
Metabolism:
Chemical reactions that occur within a cell to support and sustain its life function.
where does light dependent photosynthesis occur?
in thylakoid membranes
G3P or PGAL:
A sugar used to create glucose (not through calvin cycle)
Carbon fixation number breakdown:
- 6 CO2 molecules are required to create 1 molecule of glucose
- therefore the cycle must be repeated 6 times
- 6 cycles produce 12 G3P molecules, 10 of which regenerate RuBP for carbon dioxide fixation and 2 of which are used to make glucose
photolysis:
- breaks apart water
- releases electrons during this process
- only occurs on photosystem two
Stroma:
- fluid inside chloroplasts but outside of thylakoids
how many carbons are in ONE final product of the calvin cycle?
3 carbons
Replacing RuBP (regeneration)
Stage 3
- the G3P moleculesthat are not used to make glucose are used to make RuBP to continue the cycle
- ATP provides energy required to create 5-carbon RuBP from the 3-carbon G3Ps
reflection:
when the frequency of light does NOT match the vibrating frequency of the atom/molecule, the wave is reflected(what we see)
Light dependent photosynthesis:
Light-dependent:
- Requires light
- solar energy is trapped and used to generate ATP and NADPH
- occurs in thylakoid membranes
- main purpose of generating energy
granun:
stacks of thylakoids (grana is plural)
What colour and energy level are short wavelengths?
short wavelengths are violet and have HIGH energy
what is anabolic metabolism:
- metabolic pathway that synthesizes larger molecules from smaller ones
- requires energy
- photosynthesis
(smaller to larger)
what type of radiation is light?
A form of electromagnetic radiation
Stages of photosynthesis:
- (light dependent): capture solar energy and transfer it to electrons->photo-oxidation
- (Light dependent): use the energy to make ATP -> aka chemiosmosis
- (light dependent): transfer electrons to make NADPH -> reduction, NADPH + reductase
- (light independent): form G3P from CO2 using energy in ATP and high energy electrons in NADPH -> carbon fixation
How does ATP turn to ADP?
- when phosphate is removed ATP turns to ADP and energy is released, (dephosphorylation)
how to calculate rf value?
solute devided by solvent front
compound/solvent
what does a high retention factor mean?
suggests non-polar
-solute attracted to solvent
what are the two main purposes of light?
photolysis and photooxidation
how is light used in photolysis?
traps light energy and energizes electrons causing water to be split into its hydrogens and oxygen
what are the by products of light dependent photosynthesis?
ATP, NADPH, O2
what is the final electron accepter in light dependent photosynthesis?
NADP+
