Bio 20 Unit C Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 structures are associated with the active transport of protons?

A

stroma to thylakoid lumen

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2
Q

Reduction Stage:

A

Stage 2
- light independent photosynthesis
- the two PGA molecules are in a low energy state (3PGA)
- activated by ATP and then reduced by NADPH
- the result of these reactions is two molecules of G3P
- 2 sets leave the cycle to make glucose and the other 10 moves onto third stage

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3
Q

chloroplasts:

A

an organelle found in mesophyll tissues of the leaf that perform photosynthesis
- double membrane
- includes stroma and thylakoids
-contains chlorophyll molecules and other pigments that capture light

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4
Q

Electromagnetic radiation:

A

energy that travels in waves measured in photons

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5
Q

what is catabolic metabolism?

A
  • metabolic pathway that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones
  • releases energy
  • cellular respiration
    (larger to smaller)
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6
Q

NADPH:

A
  • An electron carrier/donor
  • NADP+ + H+ + 2e- (oxidized)
  • NADPH (reducing power)
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7
Q

total light equation for light dependent photosynthesis:

A

12H2O(photolysis) + sunlight(photo-oxidation) -> 6O2 + 18ATP ( chemiosmosis) + 12 NADPH(reduction NADP+ reductase)

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8
Q

Photon:

A

a packet of energy at a given wavelength
- each photon has a particular wavelength measured in nanometers

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9
Q

RuBP:

A

5-carbon compound in the stroma

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10
Q

difference between photosystem 1 and 2?

A

Photosystem 2 uses photolysis, Photosystem 1 does not

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11
Q

in photosynthesis, what is the energy that is released by the excited electrons used for?

A

it is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane against the concentration gradient using active transport.

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12
Q

transmission:

A

when electrons vibrate and energy is reemitted as a light wave

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13
Q

Reduction redox reaction:

A

an atom or molecule is reduced when it GAINS an electron (negative charge)

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14
Q

carbon-fixation:

A
  • Stage 1
  • The carbon atom is bonded to RuBP
  • catalized by rubisco
  • the resulting 6 carbon compound (6C intermediate) is unstable and immediately breaks down into two PGA molecules
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15
Q

What work does ATP help the cell achieve:

A
  • Active transport
  • synthesizing compounds (enzymes, nucleic acids)
  • contraction of muscles
  • movement of cilia/flagella
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16
Q

lamella:

A

membrane linkages between thylakoids

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17
Q

what is the process of making ATP in light-dependent photosynthesis called?

A

chemiosmosis

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18
Q

Reducing power:

A

The potential of any substace to reduce another substance

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19
Q

Oxidation redox reaction:

A

an atom or molecule is oxidized when it LOSES an electron (gains a positive charge)
- source of energy for reducing power

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20
Q

ATP:

A
  • ATP is the usable form of chemical energy within cells
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21
Q

Phosphorylation:

A
  • chemical addition of phosphoryl group (PO3-)
  • ADP to ATP
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22
Q

What colour and energy level are long wavelengths?

A

Long wavelengths are red and have LOW energy

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23
Q

overall photosynthesis equation:

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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24
Q

thylakoid membrane:

A

Location of chlorophyll and site of photon capture (light) and photosynthesis

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25
Q

ETC:

A

electron transport chain
a series of membrane proteins, releases energy in small portions

26
Q

absorption:

A

when atoms/molecules vibration frequency matches the frequency of light

27
Q

where does light independed reactions occur?

28
Q

synthesis

A

putting together different entities to make a whole which is new and different

29
Q

Light independent photosynthesis equation:

A

6CO2(carbon fixation) + 18 ATP(regeneration and reduction) + 12 NADPH(reduction) -> C6H12O6(glucose)

30
Q

Hydrolysis:

A

breaking down a chemical compound using the splitting of water

31
Q

PGA:

A

3-carbon compound

32
Q

Glucose:

A
  • C6H12O6
  • transport molecule
  • energy storage
  • synthesized during photosynthesis
  • used by plants to make - cellulose(structural) and starch(energy storage)
33
Q

photo-oxidation:

A

capture solar energy and transfer it to electrons

34
Q

LIght independent photsynthesis:

A
  • does NOT require energy
  • the energy of ATP and reducing power of NADPH are used to turn CO2 into G3P
  • occurs in stroma
35
Q

what are the two types of metabolism?

A

anabolic and catabolic

36
Q

Lumen:

A

fluid inside thylakoid

37
Q

Calvin cycle:

A
  • The energy of ATP and electrons from NADPH(from light independent photsynthesis) are used to reduce carbon dioxide to make G3P
  • byproducts: 2 ADP and 1 NADP+ per one carbon
38
Q

Glucose production:

A

building one glucose C6H12O6 requires:
- carbon from 6CO2
- energy from 18ATP
- electrons and H+ ions from 12 NADPH

39
Q

Chlorophyll:

A

-molecule responsible for photosynthesis
- green coloured pigment
- absorbs light energy to begin the process of photosynthesis
- a and b (2 types)

40
Q

Metabolism:

A

Chemical reactions that occur within a cell to support and sustain its life function.

41
Q

where does light dependent photosynthesis occur?

A

in thylakoid membranes

42
Q

G3P or PGAL:

A

A sugar used to create glucose (not through calvin cycle)

43
Q

Carbon fixation number breakdown:

A
  • 6 CO2 molecules are required to create 1 molecule of glucose
  • therefore the cycle must be repeated 6 times
  • 6 cycles produce 12 G3P molecules, 10 of which regenerate RuBP for carbon dioxide fixation and 2 of which are used to make glucose
44
Q

photolysis:

A
  • breaks apart water
  • releases electrons during this process
  • only occurs on photosystem two
45
Q

Stroma:

A
  • fluid inside chloroplasts but outside of thylakoids
46
Q

how many carbons are in ONE final product of the calvin cycle?

47
Q

Replacing RuBP (regeneration)

A

Stage 3
- the G3P moleculesthat are not used to make glucose are used to make RuBP to continue the cycle
- ATP provides energy required to create 5-carbon RuBP from the 3-carbon G3Ps

48
Q

reflection:

A

when the frequency of light does NOT match the vibrating frequency of the atom/molecule, the wave is reflected(what we see)

49
Q

Light dependent photosynthesis:

A

Light-dependent:
- Requires light
- solar energy is trapped and used to generate ATP and NADPH
- occurs in thylakoid membranes
- main purpose of generating energy

50
Q

granun:

A

stacks of thylakoids (grana is plural)

51
Q

What colour and energy level are short wavelengths?

A

short wavelengths are violet and have HIGH energy

52
Q

what is anabolic metabolism:

A
  • metabolic pathway that synthesizes larger molecules from smaller ones
  • requires energy
  • photosynthesis
    (smaller to larger)
53
Q

what type of radiation is light?

A

A form of electromagnetic radiation

54
Q

Stages of photosynthesis:

A
  1. (light dependent): capture solar energy and transfer it to electrons->photo-oxidation
  2. (Light dependent): use the energy to make ATP -> aka chemiosmosis
  3. (light dependent): transfer electrons to make NADPH -> reduction, NADPH + reductase
  4. (light independent): form G3P from CO2 using energy in ATP and high energy electrons in NADPH -> carbon fixation
55
Q

How does ATP turn to ADP?

A
  • when phosphate is removed ATP turns to ADP and energy is released, (dephosphorylation)
56
Q

how to calculate rf value?

A

solute devided by solvent front
compound/solvent

57
Q

what does a high retention factor mean?

A

suggests non-polar
-solute attracted to solvent

58
Q

what are the two main purposes of light?

A

photolysis and photooxidation

59
Q

how is light used in photolysis?

A

traps light energy and energizes electrons causing water to be split into its hydrogens and oxygen

60
Q

what are the by products of light dependent photosynthesis?

A

ATP, NADPH, O2

61
Q

what is the final electron accepter in light dependent photosynthesis?