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Biology 20 > Unit D1 - Digestive and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Unit D1 - Digestive and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

salivary carbohydrase amylase:

A
  • occurs in the oral cavity
  • digests polysaccharides to monosaccharides
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2
Q

emphysema:

A
  • a disorder in which the walls of the alveoli break down and lose their elasticity
  • this reduces the surface area for gas exchange, limits lung capacity, and causes oxygen shortages
  • permanent and incurable
  • caused by smoking
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3
Q

Macromolecules summary:

A
  • CARBOHYDRATES= preferred energy storage
    subunits: monosaccharide
    main functions: energy storage
    examples of macromolecules: polysaccharides, sugars, starches, and glycogen
  • LIPIDS= high energy storage compounds
    subunits: glycerol and 3 fatty acids
    main functions: energy storage and cell membranes
    example: triglyceride
  • PROTEINS= structural components
    subunits: polymers of amino acids
    main function: catalysis
    example: enzymes, polypeptides
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4
Q

cystic fibrosis:

A
  • genetic condition that disrupts the function of the mucus cells
  • normally thin mucus becomes sticky and thick and therefor trapped pathogens cannot be expelled
  • leads to repeated lung infections
  • treatment includes medications to thin mucus and antibiotics to fight infections
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5
Q

Excretory system

A
  • kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
  • maintains homeostatic conditions within the bloodstream; filters out cellular waste, certain toxins and access water and nutrients
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6
Q

Inhibitors:

A

Affects enzyme activity, usually negatively
- are molecules that attach to the enzyme and reduce its ability to bind to the substrate
- not denaturalization
-competitive vs. non-competitive inhibitor

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7
Q

transport of carbon dioxide in external respiration:

A
  • ~27% of carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin
  • ~9% is carried in the plasma and remains as carbon dioxide
  • the majority of carbon dioxide(~64%) combines with water in the plasma to form carbonic acid
  • most carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma
  • CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 (internal respiration)
  • H2CO3 -> CO2 + H2O(external respiration)
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8
Q

what does the upper respiratory tract contain?

A
  • nasal passages
  • pharynx
  • glottis
  • epiglottis
  • larynx
  • trachea
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9
Q

what component of an enzymatic reaction is affected the most by denaturation?

A

active site

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10
Q

inhalation:

A
  • diaphragm contracts and pulls down (dome to flat)
  • intercostal muscles contract and pull ribs up and out
  • increasing lung volume, decreasing air pressure
  • air moves into the lungs
  • high pressure to low-pressure
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11
Q

What is the body’s homeostasis temperature and blood pH?

A
  • 37° C
  • pH of 7.4 which is neutral or slightly basic
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12
Q

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum**
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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13
Q

Carbohydrates( macromolecule):

A
  • always contain a carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • same ratio; one carbon, two hydrogen, and one oxygen
  • provide short- and long-term energy storage for organisms
  • two main types( simple sugars and polysaccharides)
    -starts in mouth, stops in stomach, resumes in duodenum
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14
Q

intercostal muscles:

A
  • rib muscles
  • found along the inside surface of the ribs
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15
Q

pancreas:

A

-accessory organ
- manufactures enzymes to digest macromolecules
- secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid that enters the small intestine
- secretes protease, carbohydrates, and lipase
- makes enzymes to break down sugars, fats, starches
- pancreatic fluid contains: bicarbonate(not an enzyme), trypsin and chymotrypsin( enzymes that digest proteins), pancreatic amylase(enzyme that digests starches/carbohydrates), and lipase(enzymes that digest lipids)

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16
Q

stomach:

A

-digestive tract organ
- adds acid, enzymes, and fluid
- churns, mixes, and grinds food to a liquid mass

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17
Q

What alters enzymatic activity:

A
  • temp/pH (high temp and high/low pH denatures, low temp freezes)
  • competitive inhibition
  • substrate concentration
  • feedback inhibition
    ->product inhibits it’s enzyme
    ->more product=higher chances of inhibition
    -> maintains homeostasis
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18
Q

The main 3 polymers and their monomeric subunit and enzyme group that hydrolyzes:

A

POLYSACCHARIDE:
monomeric subunit=monosaccharide
enzyme that hydrolyzes polymer = carbohydrase

POLYPEPTIDE(proteins):
monomeric subunit=amino acid
enzyme group that hydrolyzes polymer = protease

TRIGLYCERIDE:
monomeric subunit = glycerol + fatty acids
enzyme group that hydrolyzes the polymer = lipases

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19
Q

Nervous system

A
  • brain, primal cord, peripheral nerves
  • controls physiological processes in conjunction with the endocrine system; senses the environment, directs behavior
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20
Q

Digestive tracts 4 main functions:

A
  • ingestion(eat)
  • digestion(chemical vs. physical)
  • absorption(stomach, small intestine, large
    intestine)
  • egestion
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21
Q

Homeostasis:

A

Body systems work to maintain homeostasis- a constant internal environment
- temperature of 37° C
- blood pH of 7.4, neutral or slightly basic
- maintaining a consistent internal environment

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22
Q

signalling:

A
  • one of the 6 main functions of proteins
  • growth hormone in blood stream
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23
Q

Chyme:

A

food(bolus) mixed with gastric juices

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24
Q

gastric juice:

A
  • contains: water, mucus, salts, hydrochloric acid(HCI) and enzymes
  • pH of 1-3 (denature proteins and kills bacteria)
    -acidic
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25
Q

protease:

A

-an enzyme in the stomach that digests proteins
- hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides(not amino acids)

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26
Q

glottis:

A
  • part of the upper respiratory tract
  • opening from pharynx to larnyx
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27
Q

epiglottis:

A

a flap of tissue that closes as the bolus passes by.
-to prevent food from entering your trachea(windpipe) and lungs

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28
Q

lungs:

A
  • part of the lower respiratory tract
  • each lung is separated into lobes(right has 3, left has 2)
  • the right lung is larger
  • each lung is surrounded by pleural membranes that provides elasticity for lungs
    - doubled layered membrane - filled with fluid
    - serves to stick the lungs to the chest, so they
    expand and contract when the chest moves
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29
Q

enzymes in chemical digestion:

A
  • salivary carbohydrase amylase, protease: pepsin, protease: trypsin, pancreatic carbohydrase amylase, lipase
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30
Q

anus:

A
  • digestive tract organ
  • holds rectum closed
  • opens to allow elimination
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31
Q

what are the 2 stomach sphincters:

A

cardiac and pyloric

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32
Q

structure:

A
  • one of the 6 main functions of proteins
  • collagen in skin; keratin in hair, nails, horns
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33
Q

Lipase in chemical digestion:

A
  • occurs in the duodenum of the small intestine
  • digests lipids(triglycerides) to fatty acids and glycerol
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34
Q

gall bladder:

A

-accessory organ
- stores bile from liver and injects it into the duodenum when needed

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35
Q

Lymphatic/ immune system

A
  • lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells
  • carries fat and excess fluids to the blood; destroys invading microbes
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36
Q

bronchioles:

A
  • part of the lower respiratory tract
  • bronchi branch into many bronchioles
    - smaller, finer tubes
  • bronchi and bronchioles are lined with mucus and
    cilia
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37
Q

main functions of the respiratory system:

A
  1. takes oxygen from outside body to cells inside the body
  2. releases carbon dioxide from the body
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38
Q

epiglottis:

A
  • part of the upper respiratory tract
  • flap that covers the opening to the trachea when food is swallowed
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39
Q

the mechanics of breathing:

A
  • the inhalation and exhalation of air into and out of our lungs depends of differences in air pressure
  • gases move from areas of high pressure to low pressure
  • two muscular structures control the air pressure inside of the lungs (intercostal muscles and diaphragm)
  • diaphragm, intercostal muscles, rib cage, pleura membrane and fluid, pressure and volume
  • high elevation or volume = low pressure, low elevation or volume = high pressure
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40
Q

What are the two methods of macromolecule synthesis?

A

Dehydration synthesis(anabolic) and hydrolysis(catabolic)

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41
Q

liver:

A

-accessory organ
- manufacturing bile (a detergent-like substance that facilitates digestion of fats)
- secretes(creates bile) - a greenish-yellow fluid containing bile pigments and bile salts
- bile salts: - emulsifying fats (lipids) (Physical
digestion)
- breaking fats into smaller pieces

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42
Q

Physical breakdown of digestion:

A

chewing, churning, segmentation, emulsification

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43
Q

Competitive inhibitor:

A
  • both the inhibitor and substrate compete to occupy the active site
  • if the inhibitor is present in high enough concentrations, enzyme activity is inhibited completely
  • irreversible
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44
Q

examples of polysaccharides:

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose,

heparin, and peptidoglycan

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45
Q

transport of oxygen in external respiration:

A
  • 99% of oxygen is carried in the red blood cells by hemoglobin
  • a very small portion of oxygen is dissolved in plasma
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46
Q

Polypeptide:

A

Many amino acids put together
- protein

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47
Q

examples of monosaccharides:

A
  • glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose

-ribose
- xylose

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48
Q

esophagus(digestive tract):

A
  • doesn’t aid in digestion
  • straight muscular tube
  • connects the mouth and the stomach
  • the bolus of food stretches the esophagus, activating perstalsis
  • secretes mucus to help lubricate food
  • swallowing is initiated in the upper esophagus by voluntary muscles
  • lower 2/3 of esophagus is involuntary muscles
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49
Q

is your small intestine acidic or basic?

A

basic

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50
Q

gums to bum in the digestive tract:

A
  1. Oral Cavity (tongue, teeth, salivary
    glands(chemical digestion), pharynx, epiglottis)
  2. Esophagus (food from mouth to stomach)
  3. Stomach
  4. Small intestine
  5. Large intestine
  6. Anus
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51
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids:

A
  • type of lipid
  • plant-based oils
  • liquid at room temp
  • lacking some hydrogen atoms, kinked
  • generally healthier
    - except trans unsaturated fats
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52
Q

what happens during inspiration:

A
  • inhalation:
    intercostal muscles which lift the rib cage up and out
    -diaphragm contracts and pulls down
  • lungs expand and increase volume, decreases pressure
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53
Q

asthma:

A
  • chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles, reducing air-flow
  • inhalers work to reduce the inflammation and relax bronchiole muscles to open airway
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54
Q

internal respiration:

A
  • occurs in tissues
  • gases exchanged between the capillaries and the cells
  • oxygen moves from the capillaries to the cells
  • carbon dioxide moves from the cells to the capillaries (CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3)
  • occurs through diffusion
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55
Q

trachea:

A
  • part of the upper respiratory tract
  • the wind pipe
  • strengthened by semicircular arches or cartilage
  • has mucus and cilia to help moisten, warm, and clean the air entering the lungs
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56
Q

external respiration:

A
  • occurs in the lungs
  • gases exchanged between the air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
  • oxygen moves from alveoli to capillaries(hemoglobin in red blood cells)
  • carbon dioxide moves from capillaries to alveoli(H2CO3 -> CO2 + H2O)
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57
Q

storage:

A
  • one of the 6 main functions of proteins
  • albumin made by liver, keeps fluid in bloodstream
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58
Q

medulla:

A

regulates automatic functions
- part of the brain stem

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59
Q

Macromolecule synthesis:

A
  • all macromolecules are assembled and disassembled the same way
  • two methods
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60
Q

Hydrolysis:

A
  • catabolic
  • polymer to monomer
  • process where macromolecules are broken down into their individual subunits(polymer to monomer)
  • water(an H and an OH-) is added and a macromolecule is divided into two subunits
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61
Q

Chemical breakdown of digestion:

A

hydrolysis

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62
Q

What are the four categories of macromolecules?

A
  • carbohydrates(sugars)
  • lipids(fats)
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids(not important)
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63
Q

is the stomach acidic or basic?

A

acidic

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64
Q

lipids( macromolecule):

A
  • fats and oils- also called triglycerides( polymer of lipids)
  • made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids( monomer of lipids)
  • insoluble in water( because they are nonpolar molecules)
  • some function as energy storage and insulation
  • others make up cell membranes( phospholipids)
  • two types
65
Q

rectum and anus:

A
  • digestive tract organs
  • rectum stores waste until it is ready to be eliminated
  • anus is controlled by 2 sphincters
  • waste is moved out through peristalsis
66
Q

Bronchitis:

A
  • a disorder that causes the bronchi to become inflamed and filled with mucus which is expelled by coughing
  • acute bronchitis is a short term bacterial infection
  • chronic bronchitis is a long term disorder where cilia is destroyed and there is no treatment (most common cause is smoking)
67
Q

the protease pepsin in chemical digestion:

A
  • occurs in the stomach
  • digests protein to small polypeptides
68
Q

are amino acids monomers or polymers?

A

monomer

69
Q

nasal passages:

A
  • part of the upper respiratory tract
  • air enters through the nasal cavity via the nostrils or oral cavity
  • nasal passages warm up, moisten, and clean the incoming air
    -lined with ciliated cells that sweep foreign particles back
  • secretes mucus that traps foreign particles and moistens the air
  • lined with many blood vessels that warms the incoming air
70
Q

what are the two requirements for respiration?

A
  1. large surface area for gas exchange
  2. moist environment for diffusion to occur
71
Q

villi:

A
  • Tiny hair-like projections that line the inside of the small intestine
    -villi is covered in microvilli
  • each villus contains capillary(blood) and lymph networks
72
Q

pancreatic carbohydrase amylase in chemical digestion:

A
  • occurs in the duodenum
  • digests polysaccharides to monosaccharides
73
Q

Saturated fatty acids:

A
  • type of lipid
  • animal based fats
  • solid at room temp
  • contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible
74
Q

Simple sugars:

A
  • monosaccharide- one sugar ring
    example; glucose, fructose, galactose
  • disaccharide- made up of two sugar rings( two monosaccharides join together)
    example; sucrose, lactose, maltose
75
Q

tonsillitis:

A
  • upper respiratory tract infection
  • a viral infection of the tonsils
76
Q

duodenum:

A
  • chemical digestion(protease, carbohydrates, and lipase)
  • first 25cm of small intestine
  • widest portion of the small intestine
  • the majority of chemical digestion
  • surface of small intestine covered with villi
  • villi is covered in microvilli
  • each villus contains capillary(blood( and lymph networks
77
Q

enzymes:

A
  • words ending in -ase are usually an enzyme
  • specialized protein molecules that function as a biological catalyst
  • affected by temperature and pH
  • low temperature, the enzyme freezes
  • high temp the enzyme will denature
  • high or low pH, the enzyme will denature
78
Q

Digestive system:

A
  • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, glands, producing digestive secretions
  • supplies the body with nutrients that provide energy and materials for growth and maintenance
79
Q

Bronchus/bronchi:

A
  • part of the lower respiratory tract
  • trachea branches into the left and right bronchus
    - contains c-shaped cartilaginous rings
80
Q

pneumonia:

A
  • alveoli become inflamed and fill with fluid
  • fluid interferes with gas exchange, and the body becomes starved for oxygen
  • two types: lobular and bronchial
81
Q

catalyze:

A

speeds up reactions

82
Q

What are all of the organs where direct chemical digestion occurs?

A

oral cavity, stomach, small intestines

83
Q

how does air move in terms of pressure?

A

air moves from higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

84
Q

fats:

A
  • fats in the duodenum stimulate secretion of bile(emulsifies fat droplets)
  • lipase enzyme breaks down fats in the duodenum
  • the lymph vessels carry monomers to the chest and into the bloodstream
  • lipase(in the lining of blood vessels) removes protein coating
  • lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides = making three fatty acids and glycerol
85
Q

movement:

A
  • one of the 6 main functions of proteins
  • actin and myosin in muscles
86
Q

esophagus:

A
  • digestive tract organ
  • directs food from mouth to stomach
87
Q

cardiac sphincter:

A
  • the “valve” between the esophagus and the stomach
    -allows food in the stomach
  • if weak, stomach acid can go back into the esophagus which results in heart burn/acid reflux
88
Q

How is homeostasis maintained?

A

-Through negative feedback loops
- a censor detects an upset in the steady state(ex. low body temp)
-this signals are control center(brain)
-and then activates an effector which reverses the change(ex. shivers)

89
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • a variety of hormone-secreting glands and organs including the hypothalamus pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, ovaries, and testicles
    -, controls physiological processes, typically in conjunction with the nervous system
90
Q

Circulatory system

A
  • heart, blood vessels, blood
    transports nutrients, gasses, hormones, metabolic wastes, also assists in temperature control
91
Q

ulcers:

A
  • mucus lining in the stomach is eroded
  • most ulcers are caused by acid-resistant bacterua
  • holes in the stomach lining
92
Q
  • pleural membranes in the lungs:
A
  • provides elasticity for lungs
  • double-layered membrane filled with fluid(pleural fluid)
  • serves to stick the lungs to the chest so they can expand and contract when the chest moves
  • pleura fluid acts as a lubricant which allows for free movement of the lugs against the chest when we breathe
93
Q

disaccharide:

A
  • digests lactose
  • sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined
94
Q

feedback inhibition:

A
  • process in which the products of an enzymatic reaction inhibit the enzyme
  • more product = a higher chance of inhibition
  • maintains homeostasis
95
Q

defense:

A
  • one of the 6 main functions of proteins
  • antibodies in bloodstream
96
Q

what happens during expiration:

A

exhalation:
- intercostal muscles relax allowing the rib cage to return to its normal position
- diaphragm relaxes to its dome shape pushing air out of the lungs
- lungs contract and air moves out of lugs causing a decrease in volume but and increase in pressure

97
Q

mouth:

A
  • digestive tract organ
  • chews and mixes food with saliva
98
Q

accessory organs:

A
  • all connect to duodenum
  • digestion requires a variety of enzymes produced into the small intestine, as well as secretions from the pancreas, gallbladder, and liver
99
Q

laryngitis:

A
  • upper respiratory tract infection
  • inflammation of the larynx
100
Q

Dehydration synthesis:

A
  • anabolic
  • monomer to polymer
  • process where macromolecules are assembled
  • water(an H nd OH-) is removed to join two sub-molecules
101
Q

gall stones:

A
  • cholesterol crystals forming out of the bile that grown in the gallbladder
  • blocts ducts
    size: grain of sand to golf ball
102
Q

Large intestine:

A
  • Digestive tract organ
  • wider than the small intestine but only about 1.5 m long
  • main function is to concentrate waste and absorb water
  • colon(main portion of large intestine) absorbs water and salts
  • also contains bacteria which removes vitamins and minerals from undigested food
103
Q

the protease trypsin in chemical digestion:

A
  • occurs in the small intestine specifically in the duodenum
  • digests small polypeptides to amino acids
104
Q

Muscular system

A
  • Skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle
  • moves the skeleton, controls movement of substances through hollow organs( digestive tract, large blood vessels), initiates and implements heart contractions
105
Q

Digestive tract structures(organs that contain food):

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

106
Q

Small intestine:

A
  • digestive tract organ
  • small in width, long in length
  • 7m
  • 250m^2 surface ares(very large)
  • unlike the stomach, it’s pH is slightly basic(8)
  • physical digestion
    -segmentation(sloshing back and forth as
    peristalsis moves forward)
  • divided into 3 main sections
107
Q

Catalyst:

A

Using a catalyst can speed up and lower the energy required for a chemical reaction
- they are not used up in the reaction

108
Q

Macromolecules:

A

Macromolecules are polymers: long molecules formed by covalently linking many subunits(monomers)

109
Q

small intestine:

A
  • digestive tract organ
  • secretes enzymes that digest macromolecules
  • absorbs hydrolyzed molecules into the bloodstream
110
Q

Upper respiratory tract infections:

A
  • short-term and no not obstruct breathing
    TONSILLITIS AND LARYNGITIS
111
Q

lung cancer:

A
  • uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs
  • leading cause of cancer deaths in Canada
  • malignant tumors called carcinomas decrease surface area and may stop air from entering bronchioles
  • tobacco smoke is carcinogenic(high chance of causing mutations)
112
Q

Accessory organs/ structures that aid digestion(doesn’t touch food):

A
  • salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
113
Q

exhalation:

A
  • diaphragm relaxes and returns to dome shape
  • intercostal muscles relax, causing the rib cage to fall
  • decreasing lung volume, increasing air pressure
  • air moves out of lungs
114
Q

Proteins( macromolecule):

A
  • six main functions of proteins;
    • structure
    • movement
    • defense
    • storage
    • signalling
    • catalyzing reactions
  • proteins assemble from smaller subunits called amino acids
  • polypeptides from pepsin produced in the stomach are further digested in the small intestine by proteases
  • proteases hydrolyze the peptide bonds to form short peptide chains
  • amino acids are then absorbed into villi in the small intestine and then into blood vessels through active transport and then carried to liver
115
Q

Negative feedback inhibition:

A

duodenum senses an increase in monomer content and signals the pancreas to deactivate

116
Q

What are the two main types of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars( simple carbohydrates) and polysaccharides( complex carbohydrates)

117
Q

pharynx:

A
  • part of the upper respiratory tract
  • commonly called the throat
  • passageway for air into lungs, and food into
    stomach
118
Q

hemoglobin:

A

iron containing oxygen transport metalloprotein in red blood cells

119
Q

Polysaccharides( complex carbohydrates):

A
  • complex carbohydrates consist of many linked simple sugars
  • used for energy storage
    -plants use starch for energy storage/ cellulose for structural integrity
  • animals use glycogen
120
Q

What are the human systems?

A

Digestive, respiratory, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic/immune, excretory, nervous, endocrine, integumentary

121
Q

Lower respiratory tract disorders:

A
  • disorders of the lower respiratory tract can impair the delivery of oxygen to the cells
  • Bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema, cystic fybrosis, asthma, lung cancer
122
Q

catalyzing reactions:

A
  • one of the 6 main functions of proteins
  • enzymes(ex. amylase digest carbohydrates; ATP synthase makes ATP)
123
Q

salivary glands:

A
  • accessory organ
  • secret starch-digesting enzymes
124
Q

steps of external respiration:

A
  1. inhalation
  2. gas exchange (diffusion of carbon dioxide and
    oxygen between alveoli and capillaries)
  3. exhalation
125
Q

peristalsis:

A

involuntary rhythmic contractions that move food uni-directionally
- happens in esophagus

126
Q

digestive system disorders:

A
  • ulcers
  • reflux desease
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • cirrhosis
  • gallstones
  • colorectal cancer
  • eating disorders
127
Q

Oral cavity(digestive tract):

A
  • physical breakdown(chewing food)
  • chemical breakdown:
    ~saliva is secreted by the three saliviary glands in your mouth
    -saliva lubricates mouth to assist in swallowing
    - dissolves food which gives you taste
    - salivary amylase -> starch(polysaccharide
    digestion)
    -the tongue pushes the bolus into the back of your mouth fro swallowing it
    -epiglottis
128
Q

pyloric sphincter:

A
  • the “valve” between the stomach and the duodenum(in the small intestine)
    -physical and chemical
    • churning
    • protein denaturation
      -protease(chemical digestion)
129
Q

Chemical digestion:

A
  • All three macromolecules(proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) are hydrolyzed through the use of enzymes
  • All of them are absorbed into the bloodstream through active transport in the small intestine
130
Q

stomach(digestive tract):

A

-highly elastic, muscular J-shaped dack
- can hold about 1 L of food
- the movement of food to and from the stomach is regulated by 2 circular muscles called sphincters (like drawstrings)

131
Q

bronchial pneumonia:

A

caused by virus

132
Q

the respiraroty tract:

A

the passageway for air to move from external to internal
-The principle organ is the lungs
- split into two parts(the upper and lower respiratory tract)

133
Q

what is starch?

A

a polysacharide(carbohydrate)

134
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract contain?

A
  • lungs
  • bronchus/brinchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
135
Q

How is physical digestion continued from the mouth?

A
  • by mixing stomach contents with gastric juice and churning it
    -mucus lining in the stomach prevents damage from gastric juice
  • not much absorption of nutrients yet (some water, alcohol, and anti-inflammatory drugs are absorbed)
136
Q

The process of digestion in the digestive system:

A
  • the process of digestion involves both physical
    breakdown and chemical breakdown
  • the resulting molecules diffuse into the
    bloodstream and then diffuse into cells
  • once it’s in it’s monomer form, it can be absorbed
  • digestive tract has 4 major functions:
137
Q

what enzyme class is secreted into the stomach and duodenum?

A

protease

138
Q

diaphragm:

A
  • a dome-shaped layer of muscle below the lungs that separates the thoratic cavity from the abdominal cavity
139
Q

Positive feedback loop:

A
  • duodenum senses an increase in polymers and sends a signals the pancreas to activate and secrete enzymes
140
Q

alveoli:

A
  • part of the lower respiratory tract
  • bronchioles branch off further into tiny sacks called alveoli
    - about 300 million alveoli in one pair of lungs
    - where gas exchange takes place
    - the alveolar wall is 1 cell thick and surrounded
    by a net of capillaries
    - contains lipids and lipoproteins which lubricate
    the alveoli (reduces surface tension and allows
    them to open easily - prevents sides from
    sticking together)
141
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A

Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids

142
Q

what are the four main stages of respiration?

A
  1. breathing: between outside and lungs
  2. external respiration: between lungs and blood(alveoli to capillaries)
  3. internal respiration: between blood and the body’s cells(capillaries to muscles)
  4. cellular respiration: oxygen and carbon dioxide are produced to provide energy for the cell
143
Q

where is the anal sphincter:

A

between the large intestine and rectum

144
Q

regulation of breathing:

A
  • chemoreceptors in the medulla detect high acidity of blood
  • this stimulates a nerve response to increasing breathing movements
  • this expels more CO2 and acidity decreases(negative feedback)
145
Q

digestive tract(organs that contain food):

A
  • also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts
  • the food passes through the tracts
  • open-ended tube: 6.5-9 m long
    -gums to bum
146
Q

the main purpose of internal respiration:

A

deliver oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide
CAPILLARIES <—> MUSCLES

147
Q

testing for macromolecules:

A

proteins:
- biuret reagent -> turns purple +ve
starch:
- iodine solution -> turns blue/black +ve
monosaccharides (glucose):
- benedict’s reagent
- red/orange = high sugar
- yellow/green = low sugar
lipids:
- brown paper -> turns translucent

148
Q

thermoregulation:

A
  • respiration will decrease core body temp
  • if core body temp(37 degrees celsius) increases then you start to breathe more and your heart rate increases
    -if core body temp decreases you will experience shivering and therefore you will breathe less and your heart rate will decrease(hypothermia)
149
Q

Amino acids:

A
  • 20 types( our body can synthesize 11, the rest must come from diet)
  • bonded together by peptide bonds
  • chain is called polypeptide (polymer of proteins)
  • polypeptide strand coiled into 3D structure
  • the shape determines the function of the protein
  • heat can damage shape( denature)
    - loss of shape equals loss of function
    -existence of nitrogen and usually an r group
150
Q

what are enzymes

A

proteins that catalyze reactions
- specialized protein molecules that function as a biological catalyst
- ending in -ase means it is an enzyme
- enzymes are affected by temperature and pH
- low temp, enzymes freeze
- high temp or high/low pH will denature the
enzyme
- inhibitors affect enzyme activity, usually negatively

151
Q

Integumentary system

A
  • skin, hair, nails, sensory receptors, various glands
  • protects the underlying structures from damage; regulates body temperature; since as many features of the external environment
152
Q

large intestine:

A
  • digestive tract organ
  • absorbs water and salts
  • passes remaining undigested material and some water out of the body
153
Q

Respiratory system

A

-Nose, pharynx, trachea, lungs, gills
-provides a large area for gas exchange between the blood and the environment; allows oxygen and carbon dioxide elimination

154
Q

examples of disaccharides:

A

sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

155
Q

lobular pneumonia:

A

caused by bacterium (strept)

156
Q

steps of internal resp:

A
  1. oxygen transportation: oxygen-rich blood is delivered to body tissues and cells
    2: gas exchange: in capillaries, oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the blood
  2. carbon dioxide transport: carbon dioxide rich blood is carried back to the lungs where it is removed during external resp.
157
Q

larynx:

A
  • part of the upper respiratory tract
  • commonly called the voice box
  • made of cartilage and contains the vocal cords
  • larger larynx = deeper voice
158
Q

where is the duodenum located:

A
  • between the stomach and the small intestine

Biology 20 (10 decks)

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