Unit 9 Vocab Flashcards
● Organization founded by pacifists in 1942 to promote racial equality through peaceful means
● Goal was to end discriminatory practices and improve relations between races
● Organized non-violent protests
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
● An executive order issued by Harry S Truman in 1948 that ended segregation in the military
Executive Order 9981
● US Supreme court case that successfully challenged the “separate but equal” doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case, Plessy v. Ferguson
● Ruled that Texas violated the 14th Amendment by establishing a separate but unequal all-black law school
Sweatt v. Painter
- In late 1969, a group of American Indians occupied the island of Alcatraz, the site of a federal prison that had closed in 1963.
- About 100 American Indians representing 50 different tribes joined the occupation and held the island until mid - 1971.
Occupation of Alcatraz
● The 1954 Supreme Court decision that struck down the “separate but equal” doctrine as fundamentally unequal (Plessy v. Ferguson)
● Case brought up by the NAACP
● Decided under the Warren Court
● Decided segregated public education violated the US constitution
Brown v. Board of Education
● The intermixing of people/groups previously segregated
● In the Brown v. Board of Education II decision, the Supreme Court stated that schools should be integrated with “all deliberate speed”
Integration
- Formed in 1968 by Indian activists to protest unfair treatment
- Originally focused on Indians living in urban ghettos.
- Expanded to civil rights issues, such as securing of land, legal rights, and self-government for Native Americans.
American Indian Movement (AIM)
- The Chicano mural movement began in the 1960’s in Mexican-American barrios throughout the Southwest.
- Mexican-American culture celebrated by large, outdoor paintings in areas around barrios.
Chicano Mural Movement
● Often called “Dixiecrats”
● Practiced “massive resistance” throughout the 1950s-1960s by banding together to block attempts to pass federal civil rights legislation
● Many of these Southern legislatures held important committee chair positions that allowed them to keep legislation from even coming to the floor of Congress for a vote
Congressional Bloc of Southern Democrats
● NAACP organized overnight in response to the arrest of Rosa Parks
● Boycott where all blacks refused to ride the buses for 381 days
● Used to protest Park’s arrest and segregation
Montgomery Bus Boycott
- A small union for migrant farmworkers, founded in the late 1960’s.
- Committed to non-violent tactics.
- Organized workers’ strikes and boycott pf table grapes.
United Farm Workers Union (596)
● A form of peaceful protest (civil disobedience) that involves one or more persons nonviolently occupying an area to promote political/social change
● Primary action used in the civil rights movement
Sit-ins
- Decided the same moth as Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
- Ended the Exclusion of Mexican Americans from trial juries.
- Frist Supreme Court case ruling against discrimination targeting a group other than African Americans.
Hernandez V. Texas
- Government program intended to get companies to increase the number of their minority employees to correct past injustices against specified groups.
- Close the economic gap between blacks and whites using educational and employment opportunities.
Affirmative Action
● Formed in 1960–organized voter education projects in the South
● Goal was to create a grass roots movement that involved all classes of African Americans to defeat white racism and obtain equality
● Encouraged young people to become active
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
● Civil rights protests staged by CORE in which blacks and whites rode interstate buses from Washington DC heading to New Orleans in the summer of 1961
● Tested whether southern states were complying with the Supreme Court case ruling against segregation in interstate transportation
● Buses were firebombed and attacked by white mobs in Alabama
Freedom Rides
- Group founded in 1966 that demanded economic and political rights and prepared to take violent action.
- Formed by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
- Became symbol of young militant African Americans.
- Organized armed patrols from police abuse.
- Created anti-poverty programs.
Black Panthers
● Formed in 1957 to promote nonviolent direct action any way it could
● Based in Atlanta, Georgia, members would travel to any city requesting help to set up sit-ins, boycotts, etc.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
- African American Movement seeking unity and self- reliance.
- Used in 1966 by SNCC Leader Stokely Carmichael.
- African Americans should use collective economic and political power to gain equality.
Black Power
- Organization, also called the Black Muslims, dedicated to black separatism and self-help.
- Religious sect headed by Elijah Muhammad.
- Encouraged strict rules of behavior including no drugs, no alcohol, and demanded separation of races.
Nation of Islam
● An open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King, Jr.
● The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, arguing that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws
Letter from Birmingham Jail
- Banned literacy (reading) tests or any poll taxes.
- Allowed federal government to oversee voting registration and elections in states that had discriminated against minorites.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
● A huge civil rights demonstration in Washington DC in August 1963 to increase awareness of the movement and (Not finished) (#13 & #17)
March on Washington
- Banned segregation in public places.
- Federal government could force state and local school boards to desegregate schools.
- Outlawed discrimination in employment based in race, color, sex, or nation al origin.
- Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Civil Right Act of 1964
- Ratified 1964 to outlaw or ban the pool tax.
- Outlawed payment of any tax as a condition for taking part in the nomination or election of any federal official
24th Amendment
- Organized in 1964 by then SNCC for a voter registration drive in Mississippi
- People went door - to -door to people houses and asked them to vote.
- Tree civil right workers ( Michael Schwerner, James Chaney, and Andrew Goodman) disappeared and were murdered.
Freedom Summer
- Organized by SCLC, also known as Bloody Sunday.
- Took place on March 7th 1965.
- Campaign to pressure federal government to enact voting rights legislation.
- Televised violence and strong police force
Selma March
