Unit 4 Vocab (all) Flashcards
● Policy by which strong nations
extend their political, military, and
economic control over weaker
territories
● Reasons for imperialism:
- 1)Need for Raw Materials and
markets for sale of U.S. goods
- 2) Strategic/Military – build naval
bases and refuel merchant ships
- 3)Nationalism – power, a belief in
Social Darwinism
- 4) Humanitarian (Missionaries)
Imperialism
● Advocated for increased Naval
power (both Merchant and military)
● Wrote the book, The Influence of
Sea Power Upon History
● As a result of his book, the U.S.
expanded and modernized its navy,
becoming the 3rd largest in the
world
Captain Alfred T. Mahan
● War between the United States and
Spain over Cuba’s independence
● Called “The Splendid Little War”
because it only lasted 4 months and
didn’t cost very much
Spanish-American War (1898)
● Journalism that exploits, distorts, or
exaggerates the news to create
sensations and attract readers
● Sensational news stories that
exaggerate the facts and influences
public opinion
● Used by newspapers to get public
support for Spanish-American War
Yellow Journalism
● To boost readership, [Person]’s New
York World, [Person]’s New York
Journal, and similar newspapers
used sensational headlines and
pictures on their front pages.
● Their stories exaggerated Spanish
atrocities and compared Cuban
rebels to the patriots of the
American Revolution
William Randolph Hearst and
Joseph Pulitzer
● U.S. newspaper published this letter
which was stolen from the Spanish
ambassador and written
to a friend in Cuba
● Described McKinley as “a cheap
politician” and weak
● Intensified the Anti-Spanish feelings
in the United States
De Lomé Letter
● An American battleship sent to
monitor Americans in Cuba,
specifically business interests
● Exploded in the Havana Harbor in
Cuba, killing 266 men with 84
survivors
● U.S. blamed Spain
U.S.S. Maine
● First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry of the
U.S. Army in the Spanish-American
War
● Consisted of rugged westerners and
upper-class easterners who relished
what Roosevelt called the
“strenuous life”
● Helped defeat Spanish on San Juan
Hill
Rough Riders
● While the U.S. was defeating the
Spanish navy, Filipino nationalists
led by him were
defeating the Spanish army
● The Filipinos were fighting for
freedom from Spain
● Will end up fighting the U.S. after
the Philippines becomes a territory
after the war
Emilio Aguinaldo
● Signed by the United States and
Spain in December 1898, ratified
1899
● Ended the Spanish-American War
● Spain recognized Cuba’s
independence and assumed the
Cuban debt
● Ceded Puerto Rico; Guam, and
Philippines to the United States as
the U.S.’s first overseas territories
Treaty of Paris (1898)
last Monarch of Hawaii
● the native ruler of Hawaii who was
deposed (overthrown) by American
landowners in 1893 after she
abolished the constitution that had
given political power to the white
minority on the islands
Queen Liliuokalani
● Led the provisional government
while working out plans for the U.S.
to annex the Hawaii islands
● He had worked to limit native
rights in 1887 and had helped to
overthrow the queen in 1893
Sanford Dole
● Required Cuba to protect American
interests after Spanish-American
War
● Although the Teller Amendment
prevented Cuba from becoming a
territory, this severely restricted
Cuba’s sovereignty (right to rule
itself) and gave the U.S. the right to
intervene in Cuba’s affairs at any
time
● Allowed U.S. to buy and lease naval
bases, including Guantanamo Bay
Platt Amendment (207)
● Where one country controlled
trading rights in another country
● Also possibly demand land for
military bases
● This happened in China where
country carved into pieces of
foreign-dominated territories
● All Western countries except the
U.S. possessed a sphere
Spheres of Influence
● After America lent troops to end the
Boxer Rebellion, the U.S. demanded
foreign countries respect Chinese
Independence and end the policy of
Spheres of Influence (and replace it
with this)
● U.S. stated China should be open to
all nations for trade
● This policy did not include the
consent of the Chinese, and was
another form of imperialism
Open Door Policy
● As he promoted a
new kind of diplomacy based on
America’s success in the Spanish-
American War
● He developed a broader
policy of U.S. action in Latin America
● While he used diplomacy to ease
tensions between Russia and Japan,
he also promoted military
preparedness to protect U.S.
interests in Asia
Theodore Roosevelt
● A canal that crosses the Isthmus of
Panama connecting the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans
● Needed for military and commercial
shipping
● U.S. helped encourage a revolt by
Panama against the Colombian
government to get land to build
canal
● Built by the United States between
1904 and 1914
Panama Canal
● Declaration by U.S. president James
Monroe in 1823
● U.S. would not tolerate any
European nation trying to establish
a colony in the Americas
● Any attempt by any European
nation to establish a colony would
be regarded as a threat to U.S.
peace and security
Monroe Doctrine
● Updated the Monroe Doctrine for an
age of expansionism and economic
influence
● In the case of “chronic wrongdoing”
by a Latin American nation the U.S.
would assume the role of police
power, restoring order and
depriving other creditors of the
excuse to intervene
● Reasserted America’s long-standing
policy of keeping the Western
Hemisphere free from European
intervention
Roosevelt Corollary
● The use of a strong American
military to achieve America’s goals
internationally
● “Speak softly and carry a big stick;
you will go far” –African saying
Roosevelt was fond of
● Work quietly and patiently to
achieve goals overseas, but use
force if necessary
Big Stick Diplomacy
● Encouraged investors/bankers to
invest in Central America and the
Caribbean –became known as Dollar
Diplomacy
● He commented in 1912, he looked
to substitute “dollars for bullets”
● He would ensure that Latin
American countries repaid their
loans on time—for if not he would
send troops in to occupy the
territory until the loan was repaid
(example: Nicaragua)
William Howard Taft
● President from 1913-1921
● Believed in Moral Diplomacy, that
the U.S. should only intervene to
spread peace and democracy in
Latin America
● President during WWI
● Represented the U.S. at the Treaty
of Versailles
● There he suggested his 14 Points
including the League of Nations
Woodrow Wilson
● The United States supported the
Mexican rebel leader’s insurrection
against the Mexican government
until his forces conducted an attack
in the United States (New Mexico)
that killed 18 Americans
● Wilson sent General John J.
Pershing after Villa—but he was
never captured
Francisco “Pancho” Villa
● Glorification of the military
● Fueled an arms race between the
countries in Europe (and other
areas)
● Guaranteed the next major war
would involve more troops and
more technologically advanced
weapons than ever before
Militarism
● A formal agreement between two or
more nations to cooperate (work
together) for specific purposes,
including war
● Allied Powers: WWI coalition
(group) of France, Britain, Serbia,
Russia, and later the U.S.
● Central Powers: WWI coalition
(group) of Germany, Austria-
Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
Alliance
● A strong feeling of pride in and
loyalty to one’s nation
● In the late 1800s, many Europeans
believed that a nation should
express the nationalism of a single
ethnic group
Nationalism
● Archduke of Austria from 1889 until
his death, heir to the Austro-
Hungarian throne
● His assassination in Sarajevo, Bosnia
caused Austria-Hungary’s
declaration of war against Serbia
● This eventually caused the Central
Powers and the Allies of World War
I to declare war on each other
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
● 1914-1918
● Fought between the alliances of the
Allied Powers and Central Powers
● Ended with the Treaty of Versailles,
an Allied victory
● More than 13 million soldiers and
6.5 million civilians died in the war
● First involvement of the United
States in a global conflict
World War I
● Critical battle front between the
Allies and Central Powers in western
Europe during World War I
● Location of trench warfare, a new
form of warfare where armies
attacked each other from fortified
trenches
Western Front
● Foreign policy of not taking sides in
any international argument,
controversy, dispute, or war
● However, trade did continue with
the warring countries, allowing
American businesses to make huge
profits
Neutrality
● German military policy of staging
submarine (U-boat) attacks on Allied
and neutral nation’s unarmed ocean
liners without advanced warning
● Sunk the Lusitania (British Ship) -
killed 128 Americans
Unrestricted submarine warfare
● A coded telegram that German
foreign minister Arthur
Zimmermann sent to the German
minister in Mexico
● Proposed that if the U.S. entered
war, Mexico and Germany should
become allies and Mexico would get
land back
● One of the factors that led to U.S.
declaring war
Zimmermann Note
● Act passed by Congress in 1917
authorizing a draft (involuntary
enlistment) of men for military
service
Selective Service Act
● Regulated all industries engaged in
the war effort
● Led by Bernard Baruch
● Determined what products
industries would make, where those
products went, and how much they
would cost
War Industries Board
● Federal government agency created
during World War I to encourage
Americans to support the war and
convince them it was a just cause
(propaganda)
● Distributed 75 million pamphlets
and millions of posters
Committee on Public
Information (CPI)
● A government-issued bond sold
during WWI to raise money for the
Allied war effort
Liberty Bonds
● A system for limiting the distribution
of food, gasoline, and other goods,
so that the military can have the
weapons, equipment, and supplies
it needs
Rationing
● Federal law passed on June 15, 1917
shortly after U.S. entry into WWI
● It was intended to prohibit
interference with military
operations or recruitment, prevent
insubordination in the military, and
to prevent the support of U.S.
enemies during wartime
Espionage Act of 1917
● 1919 Supreme Court case that
declared Charles Schenck’s
propaganda efforts against the
military draft were illegal under the
Espionage Act and was not
protected under first amendment
Schenck v. United States
Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)
● General that led the American
Expeditionary Force, insisted on
well-trained soldiers
o First U.S. soldiers to be
deployed to France in WWI
o By the end of the war, more
than 2 million mean would
serve overseas in the AEF
John J. Pershing
● Battle in 1918 that took place in
very rugged terrain that lasted a
month and a half
● 1.2 million Americans were
involved; 117,000 were killed or
wounded.
● Turning point of the war on the
Western Front
Battle of the Argonne Forest
● Fought in the Battle of Argonne
Forest
● Killed 25 Germans and captured 132
prisoners
● He was the most decorated soldier
of WWI, also won a Congressional
Medal of Honor
Alvin York
● Founded the Communist Party in
Russia and led the Russian
Revolution
o overthrew Tsar Nicholas II in
1917
● He became dictator of Soviet Russia
and promoted communism
● Withdrew from the war after taking
power
Vladimir Lenin
● A 14-point plan for peace after the
War presented by Woodrow Wilson
● Sought to change the world by
promoting independence,
democracy, and openness
Fourteen Points
● International organization by the
Allied Powers at the end of WWI to
promote international peace and
security
● Goal was to prevent another
world war from happening
League of Nations
● Peace treaty (1919) that ended the
first World War
● Assigned Germany responsibility for
the war (War Guilt Clause), made
Germany have to pay money to
Allies (Reparations), and reduce
their territory and army
Treaty of Versailles
● A payment demanded of a nation
defeated in war by a victorious
nation
● The goal of German reparations was
to weaken the country so that it
would never threaten Europe again
Reparations
● Strong supporter of American
expansionism
● Senator who opposed ratification of
the Treaty of Versailles, believed the
League of Nations would commit
the U.S. to foreign wars
Henry Cabot Lodge
