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US History > Unit 7 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 7 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Political leader who rules a country with absolute power usually by force
  • Totalitarianism: a form of govt rule by one and by force/fear
  • Citizens usually have no guaranteed rights
A

Dictator

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2
Q
  • Form of govt used by Italian dictator Mussolini called extreme nationalism in which the state comes first and individual liberty is second
  • Favor military values, the use of violence, and a leader who is strong and ruthless
A

Fascism

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3
Q
  • Head of Italian Fascist Party
  • Given power by the Italian king, he consolidated (pulled together) power over the govt and army within a few years
A

Benito Mussolini

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4
Q
  • Tyrannical dictator of the Soviet Union (USSR)
  • His country joined the Allies in 1941 after a non-aggression pact with Germany was violated by a German invasion
A

Joseph Stalin

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5
Q
  • Form of Fascism
  • Characterized by extreme nationalism, focus on racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State
  • Full Name: The National Socialist German Workers Party –> Nazis
A

Nazism

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6
Q
  • Prime minister of Great Britain from 1940-1945
  • Replaces Neville Chamberlain
  • His steadfast refusal to consider surrender to Germany inspired the British to keep fighting
A

Winston Churchill

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7
Q
  • Originally designed to avoid American involvement in WWII by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict
  • Later included the cash-carry provision that allowed the US to sell goods and arms to belligerent (warring) nations if they paid cash and carried the goods on their own ships
  • Since the British navy controlled the seas, cash-and-carry in effect aided the Allies
A

Neutrality Acts

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8
Q
  • Approved by Congress in March 1941
  • ## Allowed America to sell, lend, or lease arms/supplies to nations considered “vital to the defense of the US”
A

Lend-Lease Act

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9
Q
  • Secret agreement by FDR & Churchill – joint declaration of war aims (1941)
  • Discussed post-war aims/goals
  • Agreements became the basis for the United Nations
A

Atlantic Charter

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10
Q
  • Prime Minister of Japan in WWII (led the military under the Emperor)
  • Promised the Japanese govt that he would attempt to preserve peace with Americans
  • After a US trade embargo began in 1941, he ordered the Japanese Navy to prepare for an attack on the US
A

Hideki Tojo

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11
Q
  • Worked with advertising agencies to advertise the war effort
  • Job was the support the war and downplay other domestic issues
  • Used the radio, print, and film industries to remind Americans we were fighting to save the world from dictatorships
A

Office of War Information (OWI)

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12
Q
  • Allowed Americans to both save money and invest in the war effort voluntarily
  • Citizens bought the bonds and then received the value of the bond printed on it after 10 years of interest
A

War Bonds

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13
Q
  • Rationing of food created shortages
  • Created in vacant lots and in citizens’ own backyards to make up for food shortages
  • By 1943, 20 million gardens had been planted
A

Victory Garden

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14
Q
  • Germany, Italy, & Japan
  • Comes from the Tripartite Pact which is a mutual defense treaty
  • A nation declared war on one of the Axis Powers, the other Axis powers would defend their allies and join the war
A

Axis Powers

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15
Q
  • The “Big Three”: US, Great Britain, & Soviet Union (& France)
A

Allied Powers

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16
Q
  • The attempted genocide/killing of the Jewish people during WWII
  • 6 million Jews were killed across Europe as well as 5 million other persons Hitler deemed “racially inferior”, among them, the mentally/physically disabled, gypsies, Slavs, homosexuals, and Jehovah Witnesses were killed
A

Holocaust

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17
Q
  • Series of trials in 1945-1946 in which former Nazi leaders were convicted of war crimes (most were executed/imprisoned)
  • First trial for crimes against humanity (certain acts that are deliberately committed as part of a widespread of systematic attack directed against any civilian population)
  • Defense was “following orders”
A

Nuremberg Trials

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18
Q
  • Commander of US Naval Forces in the Pacific
  • Sent aircraft carriers to Midway to prevent the Japanese capture of the island
  • Led the Battle of Midway
A

Chester W. Nimitz

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19
Q
  • US victory and turning point in Pacific war
  • Midway was a US naval base to the west of Hawaii
  • When US forces move from one island to another using each as a base to capture the next
A

Battle of Midway

20
Q
  • Used on the Pacific front
  • Goal was to move the war closer to Japan
  • When US forces move from one island to another using each as a base to capture the next
A

Island Hopping

21
Q
  • Led the scientific aspect of the Manhattan Project from Los Alamos, NM
  • He was remembered as the “Father of the Atomic Bomb”
A

J. Robert Oppenheimer

22
Q
  • Atomic bombs dropped by the Enola Gay on Hiroshima/Nagasaki, Japan killed140k & 70k people respectively
  • Thousands more died later from burns, injuries, and radiation exposure
  • Truman felt that fewer American soldiers and Japanese would be killed by dropping the bomb than fighting “to the end”
A

Hiroshima/Nagasaki (1945)

23
Q
  • The celebration of the SUrrender of Japan on August 15, 1945
A

V-J Day (Victory over Japan Day)

24
Q
  • First American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force in 1941-1942
  • Their mission was to defend China from Japanese forces
  • Composed of volunteer pilots from the US’ Army Air Corps, Navy, & Marine Corps
A

Flying Tigers

25
Q
  • African American fighter squadron who trained at the Tuskegee Flying School
  • Mission was escorting bombers and protecting them from enemy fighter pilots
  • In more than 1,500 missions, they never lost a single bomber
A

Tuskegee Airmen

26
Q
  • US military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan on December 7, 1941, bringing the US into WWII
  • 2,403 Americans killed and 1,178 wounded, 21 Navy ships sunk or damaged, 300 aircraft severely damaged or destroyed
A

Pearl Harbor

27
Q
  • Signed and issued during WWII by President FDR on 2/14/1942
  • After Pearl Harbor, many Americans feared that Japanese Americans might commit acts of sabotage
  • Cleared the way for military commanders to require Japanese Americans to relocate to interior Internment camps away from Western coastal regions
A

Executive Order 9066

28
Q
  • Supreme Court ruling that the ordering of Japanese Americans into internment camps was constitutional
  • Ruling was that the internment camps did not violate people’s rights because the restrictions were based on military necessity rather than race
  • Shows racial prejudice because the same was not done to German or Italian Americans
A

Korematsu v. US

29
Q
  • A war that uses any/all civilization-associated resources of society to fight the war and gives priority to the war over civilian needs
  • The fact that almost all resources and all people were involved from the nations fighting made WWII a total war
A

Total War Economy

30
Q
  • Campaign led by A. Philip Randolph & other American leaders
  • **Stressed a need for victory against fascism abroad and a victory against discrimination at home
  • FDR did pass executive order 8802 which ensured fair hiring practices in any job funded by govt money
A

Double V. Campaign

31
Q
  • African American US Army officer who received the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism in action on April 5-6, 1945 near Viareggio, Italy
  • He was awarded this medal “belatedly” in 1997 by President Bill Clinton
A

Army First Lieutenant Vernon J. Baker

32
Q
  • Native Americans from the Navajo and Comanche tribes who used their own language to make a code for the US military that the Japanese couldn’t decipher
  • Transmitted secret military info over radio
A

Navajo Code Talkers

33
Q
  • ‘Bracero’ was the term for Mexican migrant farmworkers
  • During WWII, the US gave temporary visas to Mexican immigrants
  • The program was used to address the shortage of farm workers due to the war
  • Referred to as “legalized slavery”
A

Bracero Program

34
Q
  • A series of international agreements that set rules for the proper conduct toward sick/wounded enemy soldiers/civilians who take care of them
  • This was done after the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human rights by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
A

Geneva Convention

35
Q
  • An Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party
  • He was the Chancellor of Germany from 1933-1945 & dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934-1945
A

Adolf Hitler

36
Q
  • Practice of giving into aggression in order to avoid war
  • Policy of giving in to satisfy the demands of a potential enemy
  • Britain and France hoped to achieve peace through compromise to avoid a war like WWI again
A

Appeasement

37
Q
  • Meeting of British & French leaders with Hitler
  • Britain & France agree to Germann’s annexation of Sudetenland which was given in return for Adolf Hitler’s promise that it was his last territorial claim (it wasn’t)
  • Leader of Britain, Neville Chamberlain, claimed he had reached “Peace in our time”
A

Munich Pact

38
Q
  • “Lightning war”
  • A surprise attack devised by Hitler in which land-and-air attacks were coordinated
  • Hitler used fast-moving tanks called Panzers, with infantry transported by trucks, and dive-bombing planes that strafed soldiers and refugees
A

Blitzkrieg

39
Q
  • 1939-1945
  • Fought between the Axis & Allied Powers
  • US joined in 1941; the US would fight a two-ocean war in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
  • Ended in Allied Victory
A

World War II (WWII)

40
Q
  • American general who commanded Allied army troops in the Pacific during WWII. Struggled to hold the Phillippines in 1941
  • Liberated the Phillippines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo
A

Douglas MacArthur

41
Q
  • Brutal march of American & Filipino prisoners by Japanese soldiers in March 1942
  • 60-mile march through he jungle where American prisoners faced starvation, disease, exposure to the sun, and no water
  • About 5000 Americans died by bayonet, shot, beheaded, or left to die on the side of the road
A

Bataan Death March

42
Q
  • Brutal march of American and Filipino prisoners by Japanese soldiers in March 1942
  • 60-mile march throughout the jungle where American prisoners faced starvation, disease, exposure to the sun, and no water
  • About 5,000 Americans died by bayonet, shot, beheading, or left to die on the side of the road
A

Bataan Death March

43
Q
  • **Allowed combatants to detect enemy aircraft before it can be seen visually
  • Radio detection and ranging
  • Revolutionary new technology of radio-based detection and tracking was used by both the Allies and Axis Powers in WWII
A

Radar

44
Q
  • Use of sound waves to detect enemy ships before they can be seen visually
  • Sound Navigation Ranging
  • Initial underwater research effort during WWI focused on anti-submarine warfare
A

Sonar

45
Q
  • The codename for the US project to produce an atomic bomb–a bomb with explosive power that comes from the energy suddenly released by splitting the nuclei of uranium or plutonium atoms
  • Part of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) created under FDR
  • Atomic bombs were used on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
A

Manhattan Project

US History (15 decks)

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