Fall Semester Exam Review :D Flashcards
What are Alexis de Tocqueville’s 5 values?
- Liberty: Freedom from arbitrary/tyrannical govt control
- Equalitarianism: Belief in equality; no permanent class structure
- Individualism: People are free to pursue their individual goals
- Populism: Appeals to ordinary people
- Laissez-Faire: Govt. has a “hands-off” approach to the economy
Why was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution and what do they give Americans?
To protect the people by preventing the national government from having too much power.
A trail over which cattle were driven to market
Cattle Trails
- Offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen or
an intended citizen who was head of household - 600,000 families took advantage of the government’s offer
- Only 10% of the land was actually settled by families
- But not all plots of land were of equal value
Homestead Act of 1862
Marked the end of major Indian resistance to white expansion and large-scale resistance to the Indian policies of the U.S. government
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)
- Sioux Warrior, Crazy Horse ambushed Captain Fetterman and his company on the Bozeman Trail
- Over 80 soldiers were killed
- Skirmishes continued until the government agreed to close Bozeman Trail
Fetterman Massacre of 1866
Small parcels of land on which Indian people were supposed to live
Reservations
The act where the law authorized the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals
Dawes Act of 1887
A party organization, headed by a single boss that commands enough votes to maintain political/administrative control of a city/country/state
Political Machines
This act reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
Functioned as both an immigration and deportation facility
Ellis Island/Angel Island
The first process for manufacturing steel inexpensively
Bessemer Process
The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country
Immigration
What are Push/Pull Factors?
Factors for why people move from one place to another
- PUSH: something that pushes people from somewhere, such as poverty, religious persecution
- PULL: something that pulls people to a place, such as freedom, and economic opportunity Factors for why people move from one place to another
The process of making an area more urban
Urbanization
What are Trust Titans? Who are the Titans of Industry?
- Businessmen with great wealth and power in the late 1800s who each controlled an industry
- Andrew Carnegie & John D. Rockefeller
What are Robber Barons?
Successful industrialists who became super rich whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical
Ex: JP Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, & Andrew Carnegie
Outlawed trusts, monopolies, and other forms of business that restricted trade
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
A US political party that sought to represent the interests of farmers and laborers in the 1890s
Populist Party
Who is Eugene Debs?
American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World
- A type of labor organization that
unites all workers within a
particular industry so they can act
as a group instead of individually - Created better bargaining power
with employers - Focus on three primary goals:
higher wages, shorter hours, and
better working conditions
Labor Unions
Thomas Edison
1878
- Perfected the light bulb
1877
- Invented the phonograph
1881
- Built 1st power plant that lit dozens of buildings in NYC
1893
- Invented motion the picture camera*
Wright Brothers
- Responsible for the world’s first successful airplane
- They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903
- Marked the birth of “aeronautics” as an industry
What are Muckrakers? Examples?
- Reporters and journalists who reported on corrupt politicians and other problems in society
- They uncover and expose misconduct in politics and business
Ex: Upton Sinclair & Jacob Riis
- Theodore Roosevelt’s promise of
fair and equal treatment for all - A domestic policy program formed
upon three basic ideas:
conservation of natural resources,
control of corporations, and
consumer protection
Square Deal
- Law passed in 1914 (under Wilson) to strengthen federal antitrust enforcement by spelling out business activities that were forbidden
- Passed to give more strength to the enforcers than the previous Sherman Antitrust Act
Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914
- A 1913 law that placed commercial banks under the control of the Federal Reserve Board, which set up regional banks to hold the reserve funds of those commercial banks
- Gave the government the power to control the money supply
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
What is the 16th Amendment?
- Gave Congress the power to create an income tax without restrictions
- Before the income tax, federal taxes were based on what your property was worth
- Now, a graduated income tax meant that wealthy people pay a higher percentage of their income
than poor people
What is the 17th Amendment?
- Citizens choose their senators in their states by direct election
- Promoted direct democracy (allowing citizens to become more involved in the political process)
What is the 18th Amendment?
Prohibition
What is the 19th Amendment?
Women’s Suffrage - Granted women the right to vote
Allows for the exchange of paper currency for gold or silver
Bi-metalism
- Ensured the political, educational, equality of minority group citizens of States and eliminate racial prejudice
- Works to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through democratic processes
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
- The use of a strong American
military to achieve America’s goals
internationally - “Speak softly and carry a big stick;
you will go far” –African saying
Roosevelt was fond of - Work quietly and patiently to
achieve goals overseas, but use
force if necessary
Big Stick Diplomacy
Encouraged investors/bankers to
invest in Central America and the
Caribbean
Dollar Diplomacy
Belief that the U.S. should only intervene to
spread peace and democracy in Latin America
Moral Diplomacy
A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries
Isolationism
- After America lent troops to end the Boxer Rebellion, the U.S. demanded foreign countries respect Chinese
Independence and end the policy of Spheres of Influence (and replace it with this) - U.S. stated China should be open to all nations for trade
- This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese and was another form of imperialism
Open Door Policy
- Required Cuba to protect American
interests after Spanish-American
War - Although the Teller Amendment
prevented Cuba from becoming a
territory, this severely restricted
Cuba’s sovereignty (right to rule
itself) and gave the U.S. the right to
intervene in Cuba’s affairs at any
time - Allowed U.S. to buy and lease naval
bases, including Guantanamo Bay
Platt Amendment
● Policy by which strong nations
extend their political, military, and
economic control over weaker
territories
● Reasons:
- 1)Need for Raw Materials and
markets for the sale of U.S. goods
- 2) Strategic/Military – build naval
bases and refuel merchant ships
- 3)Nationalism – power, a belief in
Social Darwinism
- 4) Humanitarian (Missionaries)
Imperialism
- Updated the Monroe Doctrine for an
age of expansionism and economic
influence - In the case of “chronic wrongdoing”
by a Latin American nation the U.S.
would assume the role of police
power, restoring order and
depriving other creditors of the
excuse to intervene - Reasserted America’s long-standing
policy of keeping the Western
Hemisphere free from European
intervention
Roosevelt Corollary
- A canal that crosses the Isthmus of
Panama connecting the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans - Needed for military and commercial
shipping - U.S. helped encourage a revolt by
Panama against the Colombian
government to get land to build
canal - Built by the United States between
1904 and 1914
Panama Canal
The process of making offers to landowners and transferring the voluntarily sold interests to the Tribe with jurisdiction
Land Acquisitions
Ex: Hawaii & Alaska
Who is William Seward?
- Appointed Secretary of State (1861-1869)
- Carefully managed international affairs during the Civil War
- Negotiated the 1867 purchase of Alaska
Who is Alfred T. Mahan
- Advocated for increased Naval
power (both Merchant and military) - Wrote the book, The Influence of
Sea Power Upon History - As a result of his book, the U.S.
expanded and modernized its navy,
becoming the 3rd largest in the
world
● War between the United States and
Spain over Cuba’s independence
● Called “The Splendid Little War”
because it only lasted 4 months and
didn’t cost very much
When did it occur (TQ)
Spanish American War (1898)
Causes of the Spanish-American War of 1898
- Yellow Journalism
- De Lomé Letter
- Sinking of U.S.S. Maine
- McKinley’s War Message
- Journalism that exploits, distorts, or
exaggerates the news to create
sensations and attract readers - Sensational news stories that
exaggerate the facts and influences
public opinion - Used by newspapers to get public
support for Spanish-American War
Ex: Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst
Yellow Journalism
- An American battleship sent to
monitor Americans in Cuba,
specifically business interests - Exploded in the Havana Harbor in
Cuba, killing 266 men with 84
survivors - U.S. blamed Spain
USS Maine
- Signed by the United States and
Spain in December 1898, ratified
1899 - Ended the Spanish-American War
- Spain recognized Cuba’s
independence and assumed the
Cuban debt - Ceded Puerto Rico; Guam, and
Philippines to the United States as
the U.S.’s first overseas territories
Treaty of Paris (1898-1899)
- 1914-1918
- Fought between the alliances of the
Allied Powers and Central Powers - Ended with the Treaty of Versailles,
an Allied victory - More than 13 million soldiers and
6.5 million civilians died in the war - First involvement of the United
States in a global conflict
WWI
What were the causes of WWI?
- Militarism
- Alliances
- Imperialism
- Nationalism
- A plan for peace after the War presented by Woodrow Wilson
- Sought to change the world by promoting independence, democracy, and openness
Wilson’s Fourteen Points of 1918**
Message that addressed a joint session of Congress requesting a declaration of war against Germany.
Wilson’s Declaration of War Message (1917)
- Act passed by Congress in 1917
authorizing a draft (involuntary
enlistment) of men for military
service
Selective Service Act of 1917
Who were the Allied Powers?
France, Britain, Serbia, Russia, and later the U.S.
Who were the Central Powers?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
- A coded telegram that German
foreign minister Arthur
Zimmermann sent to the German
minister in Mexico - Proposed that if the U.S. entered
war, Mexico and Germany should
become allies and Mexico would get
land back - One of the factors that led to U.S.
declaring war
Zimmerman Telegram
- German military policy of staging
submarine (U-boat) attacks on Allied
and neutral nation’s unarmed ocean
liners without advanced warning - Sunk the Lusitania (British Ship) -
killed 128 Americans
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Who were the Big Four of WWI (Allied Leaders)?
- Lloyd George of Britain
- Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy
- Georges Clemenceau of France
- Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.
What were some weapons used in WWI?
- Machine guns
- Unterseeboats/U-boats (Submarines)
- Poisonous gas
- Airplanes/Airships
- Tanks
- “Red Baron” (Red Plane Thing)
- Flamethrowers
- Battle in 1918 that took place in very rugged terrain that lasted a month and a half.
- Deadliest campaign in American history
Battle of Argonne Forest**
Peace Treaty (1919) that ended the First World War.
Treaty of Versailles
First worldwide intergovernmental organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
League of Nations
Made the manufacture, sale, and
transportation of alcohol anywhere
in the U.S. illegal beginning 1919.
Prohibition
Young woman in the 1920s who
flaunted her unconventional (out
of the norm) conduct and dress.
Flappers
The movement of African
Americans from the segregated
South to the North.
Great Migration
Who is Calvin Coolidge
30th President (1923 - 1929) he was pro-business/passed the “Mellon Income Tax Cuts”.
Who is Langston Hughes
African-American poet, social
activist, novelist, playwright, and
columnist.
Law that limited the number of
immigrants coming to the U.S.
from Southern and Eastern Europe
and Asia.
National Origins Act of 1924
A period in the 1920s when
African-American achievements in
art, music, and literature flourished.
Harlem Renaissance
Italian immigrants were arrested, tried, convicted, and executed for the robbery and murder if a factory paymaster.
Sacco-Vanzetti Trial
A scandal involved Harding’s interior secretary leasing government oil reserves to private oilmen in return for bribes.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Section of New York City where songwriting and musical ideas mixed together to form American POPULAR music.
Tin Pan Alley
1925, the trial that brought the teaching of Darwin’s theory of evolution against teaching creationism in public schools.
Scopes Trial (Monkey Trial)
Hunt, crackdown, and fear of immigrants coming to the spreading of communism (increased nativism.).
Red Scare
An Act to limit the immigration of migrants into the United States
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
The series of raids in the early 1920s initiated by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, against suspected radicals and communists.
Palmer Raids
Who was Hervert Hoover?
The 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 and a member of the Republican Party, holding office during the onset of the Great Depression in the United States.
Shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression.
Hoovervilles
1929 speculation and buying stock on credit would lead to the Stock Market Crash.
Black Tuesday
The practice of investing in
companies by purchasing
stocks; in return for this
they expect a profit.
Stock Market
An area with severe drought, overgrazed by cattle, over-plowing by farmers, and high winds.
Dust Bowl
The investment strategy of buying cheaply large quantities of land, guessing when the prices of the land would rise enough to make a profit, and then selling that land.
Speculation
What are the causes/effects of the Great Depression?
Causes:
- Extreme wealth inequalities (difference between rich and poor)
- Ballooning stock market (lead to the Stock Market Crash)
- Overreliance on unprotected loans
- War debt from WWI
Effects:
- Unemployment rate peaked
- Increase in poverty
- Deflation
- ~1/3 of the banking system failed
Both ran for president in the 1932 election. Roosevelt won due to his proposition of the New Deal Legislation.
Franklin D. Roosevelt v. Hoover
Unemployment
The state of being unemployed…
In 1930 tariff on imported goods was raised by 20%. Hoover hoped it would help American businesses. This caused a tariff war and slowed international trade and the U.S. economy.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
A series of programs and projects during the Great Depression by President Roosevelt to restore prosperity to Americans.
New Deal Legislation
