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US History > Fall Semester Exam Review :D > Flashcards

Fall Semester Exam Review :D Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Alexis de Tocqueville’s 5 values?

A
  1. Liberty: Freedom from arbitrary/tyrannical govt control
  2. Equalitarianism: Belief in equality; no permanent class structure
  3. Individualism: People are free to pursue their individual goals
  4. Populism: Appeals to ordinary people
  5. Laissez-Faire: Govt. has a “hands-off” approach to the economy
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2
Q

Why was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution and what do they give Americans?

A

To protect the people by preventing the national government from having too much power.

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3
Q

A trail over which cattle were driven to market

A

Cattle Trails

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4
Q
  • Offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen or
    an intended citizen who was head of household
  • 600,000 families took advantage of the government’s offer
  • Only 10% of the land was actually settled by families
  • But not all plots of land were of equal value
A

Homestead Act of 1862

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5
Q

Marked the end of major Indian resistance to white expansion and large-scale resistance to the Indian policies of the U.S. government

A

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

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6
Q
  • Sioux Warrior, Crazy Horse ambushed Captain Fetterman and his company on the Bozeman Trail
  • Over 80 soldiers were killed
  • Skirmishes continued until the government agreed to close Bozeman Trail
A

Fetterman Massacre of 1866

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7
Q

Small parcels of land on which Indian people were supposed to live

A

Reservations

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8
Q

The act where the law authorized the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals

A

Dawes Act of 1887

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9
Q

A party organization, headed by a single boss that commands enough votes to maintain political/administrative control of a city/country/state

A

Political Machines

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10
Q

This act reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities

A

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

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11
Q

Functioned as both an immigration and deportation facility

A

Ellis Island/Angel Island

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12
Q

The first process for manufacturing steel inexpensively

A

Bessemer Process

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13
Q

The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

A

Immigration

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14
Q

What are Push/Pull Factors?

A

Factors for why people move from one place to another

  • PUSH: something that pushes people from somewhere, such as poverty, religious persecution
  • PULL: something that pulls people to a place, such as freedom, and economic opportunity Factors for why people move from one place to another
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15
Q

The process of making an area more urban

A

Urbanization

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16
Q

What are Trust Titans? Who are the Titans of Industry?

A
  • Businessmen with great wealth and power in the late 1800s who each controlled an industry
  • Andrew Carnegie & John D. Rockefeller
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17
Q

What are Robber Barons?

A

Successful industrialists who became super rich whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical

Ex: JP Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, & Andrew Carnegie

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18
Q

Outlawed trusts, monopolies, and other forms of business that restricted trade

A

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

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19
Q

A US political party that sought to represent the interests of farmers and laborers in the 1890s

A

Populist Party

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20
Q

Who is Eugene Debs?

A

American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World

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21
Q
  • A type of labor organization that
    unites all workers within a
    particular industry so they can act
    as a group instead of individually
  • Created better bargaining power
    with employers
  • Focus on three primary goals:
    higher wages, shorter hours, and
    better working conditions
A

Labor Unions

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22
Q

Thomas Edison

A

1878
- Perfected the light bulb
1877
- Invented the phonograph
1881
- Built 1st power plant that lit dozens of buildings in NYC
1893
- Invented motion the picture camera*

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23
Q

Wright Brothers

A
  • Responsible for the world’s first successful airplane
  • They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903
  • Marked the birth of “aeronautics” as an industry
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24
Q

What are Muckrakers? Examples?

A
  • Reporters and journalists who reported on corrupt politicians and other problems in society
  • They uncover and expose misconduct in politics and business

Ex: Upton Sinclair & Jacob Riis

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25
Q
  • Theodore Roosevelt’s promise of
    fair and equal treatment for all
  • A domestic policy program formed
    upon three basic ideas:
    conservation of natural resources,
    control of corporations, and
    consumer protection
A

Square Deal

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26
Q
  • Law passed in 1914 (under Wilson) to strengthen federal antitrust enforcement by spelling out business activities that were forbidden
  • Passed to give more strength to the enforcers than the previous Sherman Antitrust Act
A

Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914

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27
Q
  • A 1913 law that placed commercial banks under the control of the Federal Reserve Board, which set up regional banks to hold the reserve funds of those commercial banks
  • Gave the government the power to control the money supply
A

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

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28
Q

What is the 16th Amendment?

A
  • Gave Congress the power to create an income tax without restrictions
  • Before the income tax, federal taxes were based on what your property was worth
  • Now, a graduated income tax meant that wealthy people pay a higher percentage of their income
    than poor people
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29
Q

What is the 17th Amendment?

A
  • Citizens choose their senators in their states by direct election
  • Promoted direct democracy (allowing citizens to become more involved in the political process)
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30
Q

What is the 18th Amendment?

A

Prohibition

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31
Q

What is the 19th Amendment?

A

Women’s Suffrage - Granted women the right to vote

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32
Q

Allows for the exchange of paper currency for gold or silver

A

Bi-metalism

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33
Q
  • Ensured the political, educational, equality of minority group citizens of States and eliminate racial prejudice
  • Works to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through democratic processes
A

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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34
Q
  • The use of a strong American
    military to achieve America’s goals
    internationally
  • “Speak softly and carry a big stick;
    you will go far” –African saying
    Roosevelt was fond of
  • Work quietly and patiently to
    achieve goals overseas, but use
    force if necessary
A

Big Stick Diplomacy

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35
Q

Encouraged investors/bankers to
invest in Central America and the
Caribbean

A

Dollar Diplomacy

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36
Q

Belief that the U.S. should only intervene to
spread peace and democracy in Latin America

A

Moral Diplomacy

37
Q

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries

A

Isolationism

38
Q
  • After America lent troops to end the Boxer Rebellion, the U.S. demanded foreign countries respect Chinese
    Independence and end the policy of Spheres of Influence (and replace it with this)
  • U.S. stated China should be open to all nations for trade
  • This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese and was another form of imperialism
A

Open Door Policy

39
Q
  • Required Cuba to protect American
    interests after Spanish-American
    War
  • Although the Teller Amendment
    prevented Cuba from becoming a
    territory, this severely restricted
    Cuba’s sovereignty (right to rule
    itself) and gave the U.S. the right to
    intervene in Cuba’s affairs at any
    time
  • Allowed U.S. to buy and lease naval
    bases, including Guantanamo Bay
A

Platt Amendment

40
Q

● Policy by which strong nations
extend their political, military, and
economic control over weaker
territories
● Reasons:
- 1)Need for Raw Materials and
markets for the sale of U.S. goods
- 2) Strategic/Military – build naval
bases and refuel merchant ships
- 3)Nationalism – power, a belief in
Social Darwinism
- 4) Humanitarian (Missionaries)

A

Imperialism

41
Q
  • Updated the Monroe Doctrine for an
    age of expansionism and economic
    influence
  • In the case of “chronic wrongdoing”
    by a Latin American nation the U.S.
    would assume the role of police
    power, restoring order and
    depriving other creditors of the
    excuse to intervene
  • Reasserted America’s long-standing
    policy of keeping the Western
    Hemisphere free from European
    intervention
A

Roosevelt Corollary

42
Q
  • A canal that crosses the Isthmus of
    Panama connecting the Atlantic and
    Pacific Oceans
  • Needed for military and commercial
    shipping
  • U.S. helped encourage a revolt by
    Panama against the Colombian
    government to get land to build
    canal
  • Built by the United States between
    1904 and 1914
A

Panama Canal

43
Q

The process of making offers to landowners and transferring the voluntarily sold interests to the Tribe with jurisdiction

A

Land Acquisitions

Ex: Hawaii & Alaska

44
Q

Who is William Seward?

A
  • Appointed Secretary of State (1861-1869)
  • Carefully managed international affairs during the Civil War
  • Negotiated the 1867 purchase of Alaska
45
Q

Who is Alfred T. Mahan

A
  • Advocated for increased Naval
    power (both Merchant and military)
  • Wrote the book, The Influence of
    Sea Power Upon History
  • As a result of his book, the U.S.
    expanded and modernized its navy,
    becoming the 3rd largest in the
    world
46
Q

● War between the United States and
Spain over Cuba’s independence
● Called “The Splendid Little War”
because it only lasted 4 months and
didn’t cost very much

When did it occur (TQ)

A

Spanish American War (1898)

47
Q

Causes of the Spanish-American War of 1898

A
  • Yellow Journalism
  • De Lomé Letter
  • Sinking of U.S.S. Maine
  • McKinley’s War Message
48
Q
  • Journalism that exploits, distorts, or
    exaggerates the news to create
    sensations and attract readers
  • Sensational news stories that
    exaggerate the facts and influences
    public opinion
  • Used by newspapers to get public
    support for Spanish-American War

Ex: Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst

A

Yellow Journalism

49
Q
  • An American battleship sent to
    monitor Americans in Cuba,
    specifically business interests
  • Exploded in the Havana Harbor in
    Cuba, killing 266 men with 84
    survivors
  • U.S. blamed Spain
A

USS Maine

50
Q
  • Signed by the United States and
    Spain in December 1898, ratified
    1899
  • Ended the Spanish-American War
  • Spain recognized Cuba’s
    independence and assumed the
    Cuban debt
  • Ceded Puerto Rico; Guam, and
    Philippines to the United States as
    the U.S.’s first overseas territories
A

Treaty of Paris (1898-1899)

51
Q
  • 1914-1918
  • Fought between the alliances of the
    Allied Powers and Central Powers
  • Ended with the Treaty of Versailles,
    an Allied victory
  • More than 13 million soldiers and
    6.5 million civilians died in the war
  • First involvement of the United
    States in a global conflict
A

WWI

52
Q

What were the causes of WWI?

A
  • Militarism
  • Alliances
  • Imperialism
  • Nationalism
53
Q
  • A plan for peace after the War presented by Woodrow Wilson
  • Sought to change the world by promoting independence, democracy, and openness
A

Wilson’s Fourteen Points of 1918**

54
Q

Message that addressed a joint session of Congress requesting a declaration of war against Germany.

A

Wilson’s Declaration of War Message (1917)

55
Q
  • Act passed by Congress in 1917
    authorizing a draft (involuntary
    enlistment) of men for military
    service
A

Selective Service Act of 1917

56
Q

Who were the Allied Powers?

A

France, Britain, Serbia, Russia, and later the U.S.

57
Q

Who were the Central Powers?

A

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

58
Q
  • A coded telegram that German
    foreign minister Arthur
    Zimmermann sent to the German
    minister in Mexico
  • Proposed that if the U.S. entered
    war, Mexico and Germany should
    become allies and Mexico would get
    land back
  • One of the factors that led to U.S.
    declaring war
A

Zimmerman Telegram

59
Q
  • German military policy of staging
    submarine (U-boat) attacks on Allied
    and neutral nation’s unarmed ocean
    liners without advanced warning
  • Sunk the Lusitania (British Ship) -
    killed 128 Americans
A

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

60
Q

Who were the Big Four of WWI (Allied Leaders)?

A
  • Lloyd George of Britain
  • Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy
  • Georges Clemenceau of France
  • Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.
61
Q

What were some weapons used in WWI?

A
  • Machine guns
  • Unterseeboats/U-boats (Submarines)
  • Poisonous gas
  • Airplanes/Airships
  • Tanks
  • “Red Baron” (Red Plane Thing)
  • Flamethrowers
62
Q
  • Battle in 1918 that took place in very rugged terrain that lasted a month and a half.
  • Deadliest campaign in American history
A

Battle of Argonne Forest**

63
Q

Peace Treaty (1919) that ended the First World War.

A

Treaty of Versailles

64
Q

First worldwide intergovernmental organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

A

League of Nations

65
Q

Made the manufacture, sale, and
transportation of alcohol anywhere
in the U.S. illegal beginning 1919.

A

Prohibition

66
Q

Young woman in the 1920s who
flaunted her unconventional (out
of the norm) conduct and dress.

A

Flappers

67
Q

The movement of African
Americans from the segregated
South to the North.

A

Great Migration

68
Q

Who is Calvin Coolidge

A

30th President (1923 - 1929) he was pro-business/passed the “Mellon Income Tax Cuts”.

69
Q

Who is Langston Hughes

A

African-American poet, social
activist, novelist, playwright, and
columnist.

70
Q

Law that limited the number of
immigrants coming to the U.S.
from Southern and Eastern Europe
and Asia.

A

National Origins Act of 1924

71
Q

A period in the 1920s when
African-American achievements in
art, music, and literature flourished.

A

Harlem Renaissance

72
Q

Italian immigrants were arrested, tried, convicted, and executed for the robbery and murder if a factory paymaster.

A

Sacco-Vanzetti Trial

73
Q

A scandal involved Harding’s interior secretary leasing government oil reserves to private oilmen in return for bribes.

A

Teapot Dome Scandal

74
Q

Section of New York City where songwriting and musical ideas mixed together to form American POPULAR music.

A

Tin Pan Alley

75
Q

1925, the trial that brought the teaching of Darwin’s theory of evolution against teaching creationism in public schools.

A

Scopes Trial (Monkey Trial)

76
Q

Hunt, crackdown, and fear of immigrants coming to the spreading of communism (increased nativism.).

A

Red Scare

77
Q

An Act to limit the immigration of migrants into the United States

A

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

78
Q

The series of raids in the early 1920s initiated by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, against suspected radicals and communists.

A

Palmer Raids

79
Q

Who was Hervert Hoover?

A

The 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 and a member of the Republican Party, holding office during the onset of the Great Depression in the United States.

80
Q

Shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression.

A

Hoovervilles

81
Q

1929 speculation and buying stock on credit would lead to the Stock Market Crash.

A

Black Tuesday

82
Q

The practice of investing in
companies by purchasing
stocks; in return for this
they expect a profit.

A

Stock Market

83
Q

An area with severe drought, overgrazed by cattle, over-plowing by farmers, and high winds.

A

Dust Bowl

84
Q

The investment strategy of buying cheaply large quantities of land, guessing when the prices of the land would rise enough to make a profit, and then selling that land.

A

Speculation

85
Q

What are the causes/effects of the Great Depression?

A

Causes:
- Extreme wealth inequalities (difference between rich and poor)
- Ballooning stock market (lead to the Stock Market Crash)
- Overreliance on unprotected loans
- War debt from WWI

Effects:
- Unemployment rate peaked
- Increase in poverty
- Deflation
- ~1/3 of the banking system failed

86
Q

Both ran for president in the 1932 election. Roosevelt won due to his proposition of the New Deal Legislation.

A

Franklin D. Roosevelt v. Hoover

87
Q

Unemployment

A

The state of being unemployed…

88
Q

In 1930 tariff on imported goods was raised by 20%. Hoover hoped it would help American businesses. This caused a tariff war and slowed international trade and the U.S. economy.

A

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

89
Q

A series of programs and projects during the Great Depression by President Roosevelt to restore prosperity to Americans.

A

New Deal Legislation

US History (15 decks)

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