Unit 3 Vocab Flashcards
Founded in 1867 to serve as a
social club for farmers to help
them overcome rural isolation and
to spread information about the
new farming techniques
Grew into farmers encouraging
economic and political reforms,
such as establishing machinery and
storage cooperatives, and
campaigned for increased
government regulation of the
railroads
The Grange (Farmers’ Alliance)
Required railroads to charge fair
rates to their customers and make
those rates public
Interstate Commerce Act/Commission (ICC) of 1887
Tried to secure political
and economic reforms benefitting
farmers, industrial workers,
miners, or the “common man”, to
battle banking and railroad
interests
Wanted government to take
a larger role in ending oppression,
injustice, and poverty
Coinage of silver to increase
money supply
Populist Party
A leading American politician from
the 1890s until his death
He was a dominant force in the
Populist wing of the Democratic
Party, standing three times as its
candidate for President of the
United States (1896, 1900 and
1908)
William Jennings Bryan
Speech by the presidential
candidate William Jennings
Bryan in 1896
Demanded to end the gold
standard to increase the money
supply
Wanted to include silver in
currency
Praised farmers and denounced (or
spoke against) bankers for
“crucifying mankind on a cross of
gold”
Cross of Gold Speech
The movement that responded to
the pressures of industrialization
and urbanization by promoting
reforms
Era where certain people/groups
tried to fix the problems created
by the corruption and growth of
the Gilded Age
Progressivism
U.S. leader of the Progressive
Movement
Governor of Wisconsin (1901–06)
and U.S. Senator (1906–25) noted
for his support of reform
legislation such as the initiative,
referendum, and the recall
Supported the 17th amendment
Robert M. Lafollette
Process by which citizens put a
proposed new law directly on the
ballot to be voted on
Promotes direct democracy
(citizens becoming more involved
in their government)
Initiative
Process that allows citizens to
approve or reject a law recently
passed by the legislature
Promotes direct democracy
(citizens becoming more involved
in their government)
Referendum
Voters have the power to vote an
unsatisfactory elected official out
of office before his or her term
ends
Promotes direct democracy
(citizens becoming more involved
in their government)
Recall
Reduced political appointments
based on politicians “helping out”
their supporters who contributed
to their campaigns
Required government job
candidates to pass a civil service
examination to prove their
qualification
Pendleton Act of 1883
Established settlement houses
which helped poor
residents/immigrants in urban
communities
Known for Hull House, the most
famous of the settlement houses
Jane Addams
Institution located in a poor
neighborhood that provided
community services to the poor
and incoming immigrants (for free)
Programs such as English classes,
daycare for working parents, and
work study
Settlement House
Reporters and journalists who
reported on corrupt politicians and
other problems in society
They uncover and expose
misconduct in politics and business
Muckraker
Muckraker who published articles
in McClure’s Magazine—Articles
became part of his work Shame of
the Cities
His reports exposed how corrupt
politicians won elections by
bribing and threatening voters,
and revealed how political
corruption affected all aspects of
life in a city
Lincoln Steffens
She was a muckraker and
publisher of McClure’s Magazine
She criticized Standard Oil
Company in her book A History of
the Standard Oil Company for its
monopolistic practices of
destroying its competition
Ida Tarbell
Socialist muckraker
Shocked the nation when he
published The Jungle about the
despair of the immigrants working
in Chicago’s stockyards and the
unsanitary conditions there
Famously said of his book, “I
aimed at the public’s heart, and by
accident I hit it in the stomach.”
Upton Sinclair
Photographer and Muckraker
Wrote HOW THE OTHER HALF
LIVES which showed the world
how the lower classes lived
(showed the suffering of the poor)
mainly through evocative
photographs
His most of pictures were taken of
tenements in NYC
Jacob Riis
A fire in New York’s Triangle
Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed
146 people, mostly women
They died because the doors were
locked and the windows were too
high for them to get to the ground
Showed the world the poor
working conditions of sweatshops
and let to federal regulations to
protect workers
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
An African American teacher and
journalist who helped form the
NAACP and the NACW (National
Association of Colored Women)
Well-known for leading an anti-
lynching campaign through writing
for newspapers and speaking tours
in the North
Ida B. Wells
Born a slave
Founded Tuskegee Institute, a
school for African Americans
Believed education and job
training was the path to black self-
reliance and success in America
Change and integration should
come slowly or gradually
Booker T. Washington
Scholar and political activist who
helped found the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Promoted social change, and
wanted immediate social change
and rights
Disagreed with black leaders who
urged integration into white
society
W. E. B. Du Bois
Someone in the government who
breaks up a trust into smaller
companies
Trustbuster
26th president
Known for: conservationism, trust-
busting, Hepburn Act, safe food
regulations, and his “Square Deal”
Was a trustbuster—however he
believed in ‘good’ and ‘bad’ trusts
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt’s promise of
fair and equal treatment for all
Domestic policy program formed
upon three basic ideas:
conservation of natural resources,
control of corporations, and
consumer protection
Square Deal
Roosevelt urged Congress to pass
this act which required meat that
was to be sold across state lines to
be inspected by federal agents
Also allowed inspection of meat
processing plants
Meat Inspection Act
The act that prohibited the
manufacture, sale, or shipment of
impure or falsely labeled food and
drugs
Created the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)
Pure Food and Drug Act
Someone who is in involved with
environmental protection
Wants to protect nature for future
generations and manage natural
resources wisely
Conservationist
He campaigned for preservation of
wildlife, that nature should be
untouched
The Birth of the Preservation
Movement began in the 1870s
because of his efforts
Created the Sierra Club
John Muir
U.S. forestry and conservation
pioneer
Helped plan the U.S. system of
forest reserves (later national
forests)
Helped set government policy of
planned management of natural
resources for future use
Gifford Pinchot
Began by following TR’s policies
then switched to his own which
included more government
involvement in business
He dropped Roosevelt’s distinction
between good trusts and bad
trusts
Relaxed the hard line set by the
Sherman Antitrust Act so big
monopolies could continue so long
as they did not “unreasonably”
squeeze out smaller companies
William H. Taft
Nickname for the new Progressive
Party, which was formed to
support Roosevelt in the election
of 1912
TR split from the Republican party
and run as a Progressive when the
Republican party refused to
nominate him again in 1912
Bull Moose Party
28th president
Created Federal Reserve, Federal
Trade Commission, Clayton
Antitrust Act, progressive income
tax, lower tariffs, and women’s
suffrage (reluctantly)
Woodrow Wilson
Gave Congress the power to
create an income tax without
restrictions
Before the income tax, federal
taxes were based on what your
property was worth
Now, a graduated income tax
meant that wealthy people pay a
higher percentage of their income
than poor people
16th Amendment
Citizens choose their senators in
their states by direct election
Promoted direct democracy
(allowing citizens to become more
involved in the political process)
17th Amendment
Law passed in 1914 (under
Wilson) to strengthen federal
antitrust enforcement by spelling
out business activities that were
forbidden
Passed to give more strength to
the enforcers than the previous
Sherman Antitrust Act
Clayton Anti-trust Act 1914
A 1913 law that placed
commercial banks under the
control of the Federal Reserve
Board, which set up regional
banks to hold the reserve funds of
those commercial banks
Gave government the power to
control the money supply
Federal Reserve System
Movement founded by the WCTU
(Women’s Christian Temperance
Union) seeking legislation
designed to limit alcohol
consumption
Temperance
Prohibited the manufacture, sale,
and distribution of alcoholic
beverages
Ratified in 1919 and lasted until
1933 when it was repealed by the
21st amendment
18th Amendment/Prohibition
Was an American educator,
temperance reformer, and
women’s suffragist
Her influence was instrumental in
the passage of the Eighteenth and
Nineteenth Amendments to the
United States Constitution
Frances Willard
A person who campaigned for
women’s right to vote such as:
Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, and
Alice Paul
Suffragist
Social reformers who campaigned
for women’s rights, temperance,
and abolition beginning in the
1850s
They helped form the National
Woman Suffrage Association to
fight for a constitutional
amendment that would grant
women the right to vote
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.
Anthony
