Unit 2 Test Review Flashcards
• First Federal law restricting
immigration to U.S. based solely
on nationality or race
• Prohibited immigration of Chinese
laborers
• Limited civil rights of Chinese
immigrants already in the U.S. and
forbade the naturalization of
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
• Factors for why people move from
one place to another
• PUSH: something that pushes
people from somewhere, such as:
poverty, religious persecution
• PULL: something that pulls
people to a place, such as:
Freedom, economic opportunity Factors for why people move from
one place to another
• PUSH: something that pushes
people from somewhere, such as:
poverty, religious persecution
• PULL: something that pulls
people to a place, such as:
freedom, economic opportunity
Increased immigration led to urbanization
Push/Pull Factors
• Old World European Population grew too rapidly
• Flocked to cities for jobs but many were unemployed
• Freedom from military conscription
• Fleeing persecution, mostly Jewish
Push Factors
• America is a “land of opportunity”
• American ads for cheap land, jobs available, and the need for more people in newly created states
• Industrialization in the north created factory jobs
• This led to increase in immigration
Pull Factors
• Banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials for 10 years
• Anti-Asian sentiment in the West
• Native-born workers feared that jobs would go to Chinese immigrants since they would accept lower wages
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
• Traditional tribal feats, dances,
and even funeral practices were
outlawed—ended traditional tribal life
• Divided reservation land into
private family plots
• Each family given 160-acre
parcels
• Native Americans expected to
become farmers and assimilate
Dawes Act of 1887
• Tweed charged $13,000,000 for a project that cost $3,000,000
• The difference went into the pockets of Tweed and his followers
• The Tweed Ring was finally broken in 1871
• Estimates the total amount stolen from the machine ranges from $30-200 million
The Courthouse Scam
• _____ _____ Eventualy indicted ___ counts of fraud and extortion and was sentenced to __ years in jail
• His sentence was reduced to _ year but he was arrested again shortly after leaving jail on another charge
• While serving a 2nd sentence, he _______
• He was captured in _____ when someone recognized him from a Thomas Nast cartoon
Boss Tweed, 120, 12, 1, escaped, Spain
• A political party’s organization that wins voter loyalty and guarantees power to a small group of leaders, who often abuse it for their own gain
• Dominated politics in American
cities during the late-nineteenth
century
• Machines provided jobs and other services to immigrant and poor in exchange for their votes
Purpose of political machines in large cities
Made it unlawful to fire or demote for political reasons employees who were covered by the law.
Civil Service Commission/The Pendleton Act
• Workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) struck to protest their 2nd wage cut in 2 months
• Workers responded by burning railroad office buildings & rail cars
• Over 100 people were killed
• The country’s 1st major strike & witnessed the 1st general strike in the nation’s history
The Railroad Strike of 1877
The main reason for the “reservation policy” of the US government
To keep Indians separate from the dominant American society
• Scottish immigrant
• Created the Carnegie Steel
Company
• Used vertical integration to create
a monopoly of steel
• Sold his company and donated
• $288 million to social and
educational causes in the U.S.
• He gave away 90% of his wealth
Andrew Carnegie and his philanthropic contributions
• A type of labor organization that
unites all workers within a
particular industry so they can act
as a group instead of individually
• Created better bargaining power
with employers
• Focus on three primary goals:
higher wages, shorter hours, and
better working conditions
Labor Unions
• An 1890 federal law that outlawed trusts, monopolies, and other forms of business that restricted trade
• Purpose was to stop monopolies
engaging in unfair practices that
prevented competition
Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890
How businesses got around the Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890
The government stopped trying to enforce it
What helped bring an end to the cattle drives from TX to KS?
Encouraging subsistance farming
Business boomed due to the railway with the mass increase of people and goods
The impact of the growth of railroads
• Formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers
• Focused on collective bargaining or negotiation between representatives of labor and management
• Used strikes as a major tactic
• A craft union - Skilled workers from different trades
• Successful strikes helped the AFL win higher wages and shorter workweeks
• Between 1890 and 1915, wages rose from $17.50 to $24 and the workweek fell from 54 hours to 49
• Aimed simply at shorter hours, higher wages, and better working conditions.
American Federation of Labor of 1886
Economic discrimination & legal segregation, the Dawes Act of 1887
Social issues & civil rights issues for women, African Americans, & immigrants
• Native-born workers feared that jobs would go to Chinese immigrants, who would accept lower wages.
• The same fears that had led to anti-Chinese
were extended to Japanese and other Asian
people in the early 1900s.
Reasons for the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Gentleman’s Agreement
• Most immigrants became city dwellers bc cities were the cheapest/most convenient places to live
• Most immigrants worked in mills/factories bc they were unskilled
Difficulties faced by immigrants in large cities
Which region had the greatest urban growth and migration in the late 1800s?
The Northeast & Midwest
• Want to restrict immigration
• Believe other races, religions, and
nationalities are inferior
• Believe that non-Anglo
immigrants could never be fully “Americanized” and that
immigrants would take jobs away from Americans
Basically favoring natives over immigrants
Nativism
• Encouraged Western migration
and expansion
• Provided settlers 160 acres of
land
• Government distributed over of
80 million acres of land by 1900
• European immigrants attracted
to free land
Homestead Act of 1860 (And why settlers came to Great Plains)
• The Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad merged at Promontory, Utah in 1869
• 2,000 miles long
• Many builders were Chinese immigrants
• Easier to travel between East and West coast
Transcontinental Railroad
• In 1886, the Supreme Court ruled that a state could not set rates on interstate commerce.
• In response to public outrage, Congress passed the ______________
• This act reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established a 5 member Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for that purpose.
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
What industry was revolutionized by the inventions of the cotton gin, iron plow, reaper, etc.?
The cotton industry? farming industry? agricultural industry??
Which invention allowed for the rapid industrialization in the early part of the 20th century?
The Steam powered engine
• Process through which an
immigrant/ethnic group abandons its ethnic traditions to adopt the cultural norms of mainstream America
Assimilation/Americanization
• By the mid-1880s, gold had been discovered in several regions
near Alaska, sparking the
______________________________
• The rush of miners to the gold fields in the West led to accelerated settlement of the
West
Klondike Gold Rush
• Blacks that left the South after the end of Reconstruction
• Organized by Benjamin Singleton
• Sought a new “promised land” in Kansas
Exodusters
The Cherokee Indians forced march to a reservation and nearly ¼ of the Cherokees died on the march
Trail of Tears (1830s)
Marked the end of major Indian resistance to white expansion and large-scale resistance to the Indian policies of the U.S. government
Wounded Knee (1890)
• Period from 1865-early 1900’s
• The term was created by writers
• Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today
• Industrialists earned great fortunes, but society was tainted by political corruption and a huge gap between rich and poor
Gilded Age
• Crowded one-room apartments
that lacked or didn’t have daylight or adequate plumbing or heating
• A rundown apartment building,
families shared single toilet
Tenements
• One of the richest Americans in
history
• Founder of the Standard Oil
Company and (later) a
philanthropist whose wealth
bankrolled the Rockefeller
Foundation
• Regarded as a Robber Baron due
to his ruthless business tactics
John D. Rockefeller
• An American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation (strengthening)
• Used his wealth to build trusts
• Bought other monopolies—ex.
• Carnegie’s Steel became U.S. Steel
J. P. Morgan
