Unit 9; Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

A pattern recognition skill driven by prior learning + experience

Question 2

The DRM paradigm

Answer 2

Give a list of related words then ask you if a similar word was there (ex. say types of insects, was a ladybug there).

Commonsense analogies fall short bc memory is reconstructive

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

Study phase

• information initially enters memory
• selective based on attention

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

Retention interval

• record of memory is retained over time
• not fixed, flexible and can be modified over time

Question 5

Retrieval phase

Answer 5

Test phase

• recovering stored info when needed
• dependent on retrieval cues or current similar experiences that evoke memories

Question 6

Retrieval cue

Answer 6

Any piece of info that can be used to access other info that is stored in memory

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

The transient maintenance of perceptual and physical info from the very recent past

Question 8

Free recall test

Answer 8

• few retrieval cues provided
• generate items yourself
  ex. short answer

see if you remember things from the encoding phase

Question 9

Iconic memory

Answer 9

Visual info sensory memory

lasts 0.5 sec

Question 10

Echoic memory

Answer 10

Auditory info sensory memory

lasts 4 sec

Question 11

Haptic memory

Answer 11

Tactile / touch info sensory memory

lasts 2 sec

Question 12

Recognition test

Answer 12

• items listed, asked if old or new
• confirm validity of given items
  ex. multiple choice

see if you remember things from the encoding phase

Question 13

Patient H.M.

Answer 13

had seizures
1953 - hippocampi removed from brain
= less seizures
= amnesia, normal IQ, short term memory, can learn complex motor skills

Question 14

Multi-store model

Answer 14

stimuli/imput

short term memory
- rehearsal
long term memory

Question 15

Short-term memory

Answer 15

Info selected from sensory memory enters consciousness and is maintained in the short-term or working memory buffer

lets you keep a transient record

can be held longer with uninterrupted rehearsal

Question 16

Short term memory capacity

Answer 16

7+/- 2 chunks

can increase if grouped into meaningful chunks

ex. familiar groupings of chess pueces

Question 17

Chunking

Answer 17

Info is organized into familiar groups/categories of items

Question 18

Working memory model

Answer 18

Modern understanding of short-term memory

includes phonological loop + visuospatial sketchpad+ buffer

Question 19

Episodic buffer

Answer 19

Draws on long term memory and phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad to remember specific past episodes

Question 20

Phonological (articulatory) loop

Answer 20

Stored phonological info over a brief period

ex. repeating a phone # in your head

Question 21

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 21

Stores visual info over a brief period

ex. mental map

Question 22

Primacy effect

Answer 22

Increased rehearsal of early items over later ones

speak fast = less primacy

Question 23

Recency effect

Answer 23

More recently reviewed = still active in short-term memory

reduced by a distractor task

Question 24

Shallow processing

Answer 24

• encoding requires little effort
• encodes physical characteristics
• poor memory performance

Question 25

Moderate processing

Answer 25

• encoding requires some effort
• encodes acoustic characteristics (aka phonemic ex. rhyming)
• moderate memory performance

Question 26

Deep processing

Answer 26

• encoding requires significant effort
• encodes semantic characteristics
• better memory performance

Question 27

Levels of processing principle

Answer 27

The more we try to organize + understand the material, the better we remember it

Question 28

Encoding specificity

Answer 28

Environmental cues are coded together with memories for items and events

• can effect later retrieval
• some enviro cues can act as retrieval cues
• encoding method can act as context (ex. the alphabet)

depends on:
- physical environment
- how you feel
- …

Question 29

Why do we forget

Answer 29

Our ability to recall recently encoded info decreases rapidly over time

Decay model - decays over time graph (neg accel)

Interference model = interference from other similar info

Loss of access NOT PASSIVE DECAY

Question 30

False memory study

Answer 30

• memory is a reconstructive process
• presentation of a plausible false memory

Question 31

Bizzare false memory

Answer 31

Imagination of any (even non-plausible) event can lead to the event being falsely remembered

• memory can confuse false, imagined events with actual, performed events

Question 32

Fluency

Answer 32

The ease with which an experience is processed, some experiences are easier (more fluent) than others

• proceeds an attribution -> may not be accurate (ex. familiar person = I know them?)

Question 33

Attribution

Answer 33

Judgement tying together causes with effects

Question 34

Misattribution

Answer 34

Thing happened differently or never happened

Question 35

Why is remembering unreliable

Answer 35

• inference
• reconstructive process

Question 36

Central executive

Answer 36

Coordinates and manipulates the info stored in the working memory buffers

Question 37

Long-term memory breaks into

Answer 37

The permanent storage of our memory

Breaks into:
Declarative (explicit)
- semantic
- episodic

Nondeclarative (implicit)
- procedural

Question 38

Schemas

Answer 38

Mental frameworks for interpreting the world around us based on prior experiences

Question 39

Free recall paradigm

Answer 39

Participants are required to study a list of words presented one at a time

Then they need to recall as many words as they can in any order

Question 40

Where are memories stored

Answer 40

Throughout the cortex
- gateway to cortex through hippocampus
- hippocampus allows for storage of long-term memories

Question 41

Declarative memory

Answer 41

aka explicit memory

Memories for factual info (semantic memory)
or
Memories tied to a specific place and time (episodic memory)

Question 42

Nondeclarative memory

Answer 42

aka implicit memory + procedural memories

are automatic + unconscious

Question 43

Levels of processing theory

Answer 43

Craik and lockhart

No separate stores of memories
Instead:
items encoded deeply = more attention = more elaboration = last longer

items encoded shallowly = less attention = ‘’

Question 44

Mnemonic strategy

Answer 44

A device such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assist in remembering

Question 45

Self-referent effect

Answer 45

Info encoded with ‘me-in-mind’ is better remembered that info encoded with others in mind

Question 46

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 46

Memory is aided when similar processes are engaged at encoding an retrieval

is due to encoding specificity

(ex. rhyme -> rhyme)

Question 47

Interference theory

Answer 47

Memories = permanent

Forgetting = don’t have access to the right cues

Question 48

Proactive interference

Answer 48

Info learned prior to a memory interferes with its retrieval

Question 49

Retroactive interference

Answer 49

Info learned after a memory interferes with its retrieval

Question 50

Repressed memory

Answer 50

Painful memory is forgotten as a defense mechanism

Question 51

Misinformation effect

Answer 51

Creation of false memories by incorporating new erroneous info with the old memory

Question 52

Source monitoring error

Answer 52

We cannot recall where we learned a piece of info (ex. misattributing fluency)

Question 53

False fame effect

Answer 53

Misattribute fame to a name since we cannot remember where we have seen it before (source monitoring error)

aka since we recognize the name, it must be famous

Question 54

Reality monitoring

Answer 54

Our ability to discriminate real memories from imagined/thought ones