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Psych 1XO3 > Unit 4; Problem Solving & Intelligence > Flashcards

Unit 4; Problem Solving & Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of intelligence (as used in this course)

A

The ability to perform cognitive tasks + learn from experience + adapt+ reason well + remember important info + cope with demands of daily living

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2
Q

What is Robert Sternberg’s definition of intelligence

A

The cognitive ability to:
learn from experience
reason well
remember important information
cope with demands of daily living

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3
Q

What are the two types of reasoning

A

Deductive and inductive

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4
Q

Facts to general theory is what type of reasoning

A

Inductive

interpret data

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5
Q

General theory to facts / specific conclusions is what type of reasoning

A

Deductive
- down
generate hypothesis

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6
Q

What is functional fixedness

A

Our difficulty seeing alternative used for common objects

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7
Q

What is reliability

A

Produces the same result if one person takes it multiple times

think clustered group on target

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8
Q

What is validity

A

Actually measures what it’s supposed to be measuring

think center of target

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9
Q

What is the Flynn (IQ) Effect

A

Raw IQ scores have been rising since 1932

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10
Q

What is a schema

A

A mental framework for interpreting the world around us

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11
Q

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in terms of schemas

A

Assimilation: info is compatible with the schema so it’s added
ex. adding a new breed of dog since it matches dog schema

Accommodation: info incompatible with schema = make a new group for it

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12
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of development and what ages are they related to

A
  1. Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
  2. Preoperational (2-7 yrs)
  3. Concrete operational (7-12 yrs)
  4. Formal operational (12+ yrs)
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13
Q

What skill(s) must be developed to move on from the sensorimotor stage

A

Object permanence

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14
Q

What skill(s) must be developed to move on from the preoperational stage

A

Egocentrism
Seriation
Reversible relationships
Conservation

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15
Q

What skill(s) must be developed to move on from the concrete operational stage

A

Abstract thinking
Logical reasoning

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16
Q

What skill(s) do only children in the formal operational stage possess

A

The ability to hypothesize and theorize

17
Q

What is decalage (think P)

A

Developing skills at different speeds (within the same individual)

18
Q

What is confirmation bias

A

We seek information that supports our hypothesis

19
Q

What is the availability heuristic

A

Making decisions based on the info most quickly available

Frequencies and new events

20
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic

A

We assume what we see represents a larger category that we have in our minds

Probability and whole lives

21
Q

What is bounded rationality

A

Cognitive limitations prevent humans from being fully rational

22
Q

What is framing

A

The way you present (frame) information affects your perception

23
Q

What is analytic intelligence

A

Intelligence as used to analyze, evaluate, judge, and compare/contrast

aka academic problem solving + computation

24
Q

What is creative intelligence

A

Making new things; storytelling, innovation, art

25
Q

What is practical intelligence

A

Coping with the demands of daily living

aka street smarts and common sense

26
Q

What is the difference between a well-defined and an ill-defined problem

A

Well-defined:
clear goals and parameters for achieving these goals

Ill-defined:
unclear goals (more common in daily life)

27
Q

What did Galton’s intelligence tests measure?
Was this reliable and/or valid?

A

They measured reaction time
Reliable but not valid (according to modern def. of intelligence)

28
Q

What did Binet’s intelligence tests measure? Why was it a significant revelation in history?

A

Judgement
Reasoning
Attention

first valid intelligence test

29
Q

What did opposites Spearman and Gardner say about intelligence

A

Spearman: one type of intelligence, “g”

Gardner: multiple types of intelligence, one doesn’t determine the others

30
Q

What did the Twin Studies reveal (identical vs. fraternal) - nature

A

Identical: strong + correlation (+0.8)
Fraternal: + correlation (+0.6)

31
Q

What did the Adoption Studies reveal (bio vs. child/adoptive vs. child) - nurture

A

Bio: +0.42 correlation
Adoptive: +0.1 correlation

32
Q

Anchoring bias

A

Initial anchor creates bias, even if it’s arbitrary

ex.
- less than 10 vs less than 100
- expensive prices: lowest of them seems cheaper
- fat vs non fat yogurt / meat

Psych 1XO3 (11 decks)

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