Unit 9: Medieval Religion (FRQ) Flashcards
1
Q
Pope Gelasius I
A
- recognized the conflicts between the Church and the state
- 2 swords (one is religious and the other is political)
- the emperor has political sword and the pope had the religious sword
- he thought that the pope should bow to the emperor in political matters and the emperor should bow to the pope in religious matters
- if each ruler kept the authority in his realm, then they could share powerin harmony
2
Q
clergy
A
- all bishops and preists
- fell under the pope’s authority
3
Q
priests
A
- lowest members of the clergy
- supervised by bishops
- local priests served as the main contact with the Church
4
Q
bishops
A
-settled disputes over Church teachings and pratices
5
Q
sacraments
A
- important religious ceremonies
- rites that paved the way for achieving salvation
- marriage
- baptism
- confession
- excorsism
6
Q
canon law
A
- Church law / religious law
- head = pope
- marriage and divorce (the pope could decide who the king can marry and he could break the marriage)
- punishments = excommunication and interdict
7
Q
the Church
A
- pope
- cardinals
- archbishops
- bishops = vassals; on the council for the king; provided men for the army; important to the king
- priests
- people
8
Q
excommunication
A
- banishment from the Church (1 person)
- freed the vassals of the excommunicated
9
Q
interdict
A
- banishments from the Church (whole country)
- usually caused by the king, who probably screwed up
- take away sacraments (no conffession, baptism….= everyone goes to hell)
10
Q
Otto the Great
A
- Otto I
- crowned German king in 936
- formed close alliance with the Church
- formed the German-Italian Empire (the Holy Roman Empire)
- invaded Italy on the pope’s behalf
- 962 = crowned emperor by pope
11
Q
The Holy Roman Empire
A
- formaly known as the German-Italian Empire
- remained the strongest state in Europe until 1100
12
Q
lay investiture
A
-the practice of kings appointing bishops intead of the Church
13
Q
Pope Gregory VII
A
-banned lay investiture
14
Q
Henry IV
A
- practiced lay investiture
- excommunicated by Gregory VII
- vassals rebell
- promised to not practice lay investiture again (stood outside in the snow at Canossa for 3 days)
- the pope let him back in the Church
- continued to practice lay investiture
- got excommunicated again (vassals did not rebel)
15
Q
Concordat of Worms
A
- 1122
- let the Church appoint bishops but the emperor was allowed to veto
16
Q
Frederick I
A
- Barbarossa (Red Beard)
- Germans Emperor (didn’t wat to share power with the pope
- wanted to control N Italy (Charlemagne controled N Italy)—>where the Lombards lived
- pope (the Church) sides with Lombards
- Battle of Legnano = 1176; Lombard League vs. all the knights of Germany; Lombards won (Sacred War Wagon = ppl with cross bows–> armor piercing)
- knights have never lost before
- pope send him on crusade (3rd Crusade)
- Fred is 80 yrs old—-> drowns in a river…..had lots of heavy armor on him
- myth = he is in a cave sleeping waiting until Germany needs his help again
17
Q
reliquiaries
A
- box that hold the remains of a saint
- life-line to God (ask the saint to ask God to help them)
18
Q
How does Germany disunite in the Middle Ages?
A
- German kings had little land, little power (weak), and fought to expand and fought with the pope
- German princes elected weak kings, so the princes could do whatever they want
19
Q
Dark Ages
A
- 500-1000
- Western Europe
20
Q
The Age of Faith
A
- reformers established new religious orders
- restored power and authority
- pope began to reform the Church
21
Q
simony
A
-practice of bishops selling positions in the Church
22
Q
Problems in the Church
A
- some priest were illiterate(couldn’t read prayers)
- village priest were marrying and this was against Churhc rulings
- simony
- lay investiture
23
Q
the papal Curia
A
- the pope’s groups of advisors
- acted as a court
- developed canon law
24
Q
Pope Leo XI and Pope Gregory VII
A
- enforced Church laws against simony and the marriage of priests
- 1100s-1200s = the Church was restructred to resemble a kingdom
25
Q
tithe
A
- church tax
- 10% of incom
- the Church used some of the money to perform social services (helping poor and sick)
- the Church operated most hospitals in medieval Europe
26
Q
friars
A
- did not live in monateries, apart from the world
- they preached to the poor throughout Europe’s town and cited
- they owned nothing and lived by begging
27
Q
Dominic
A
- Spanish priest
- founded Dominicans (one of the earliest order of friars)
28
Q
Francis of Assisi
A
- Italian
- founded Franciscans (friars)
- treated all creature (animals) as if they were his spiritual brothers
29
Q
Clare
A
- 1212 = worked with Francis of Assisi and founded the Francisan order for women
- known as the Poor Clares
30
Q
Hildegard of Bingen
A
- mystic ans musicain
- 1147 = founded Benedictine convent
- these women lived in poverty ans owrked to help the poor ans sick
- women were not allowed to travel from place to place
31
Q
cathedrals
A
- large churches
- built in city areas
32
Q
Gothic architecture
A
-Gothic = comes from the Germanic tribe named the Goths
-stain glass windows
-sculpture
-wood carvings
-pointed arches; flying butresses, ribbed vaults, tall spires
-very tall
Ex: Catherdral of Notre Dame; Chartres; Reims; Amiens; Beauvais;
33
Q
Pope Urban II
A
-christmas = issued a call for a crusade
34
Q
the Crusades
A
- “holy wars”
- the fight for the control of the Holy Lands of the Middle East
1. July 15, 1099 = crusaders capture Jerusalem
2. 1187 = Saladin and Muslims took back Jerusalem
3. Richard and Saladin fight a lot; Saladin wins - 1192 = truce—> Jerusalem remained under Muslim control but unarmed Christian pilgrims were allowed access to it’s holy places
4. 1204 = crusaders attemt to capture Jerusamlem but fail; instead they looted Constantinople because they couldn’t make it to the Holy Land
35
Q
Saladin
A
- Kurdish warrior
- most famous Muslim leader of the 1100s
- most devout man
- Christians regarded him as honest and brave
36
Q
Richard the Lion-Hearted
A
-English king
-fought Saladin during the 3rd Crusade
-
37
Q
Phillip II
A
- Augustus
- king of France
38
Q
The Children’s Crusade
A
- 1212 = thousands of children went to conquer Jerusalem
- on group was led by Stephen of Cloyes (12 yrs old) = only armed with their faith; 30,000 kids
- many died of starvation and cold (Mediterranean)
- the rest drowned at sea or sold into slavery
- Germany = Nicholas of Cologne gathered 20,000 kids and young adults and marched toward Rome
- thousands dies while crossing the Alps but those who survived reached Italy ans met the pope (he told them to wait until they are older)
- 2,000 survied the trip back to Germany
- few boarded a ship for the Holy Land and were never heard of again
39
Q
the Reconquista
A
- 800-1492 (700 yrs)
- a long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain
- 1100s = Muslims (Moors) controlled most of Spain
- by 1400s = the Muslims only had the kingdom og Granada
- 1492 = Granada fell to the Christian army of Ferdinand and Isabella (Spanish monarchs)
40
Q
Inquisition
A
- a court held by the Church to supress heresy
- many Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity but these Jews and Muslims were suspected as converts of heresy
- someone accused of heresy as tortured until they confessed, then they were killed (burned at the stake)
- 1492 = monarchs banned the practice of Judaism and Islam from Spain
41
Q
Effects of the Crusades
A
- Crusades = a time of increased persecution for the Jews
- European merchants (who lived in the Crusader states) expanded trade between Wurope and Southwest Asis—> benefited Christians and Muslims
- SW Asia = spices, fruits, cloth
- pope’s power weakened
- feudal nobility weaked and power of kings increased
- thousands of knights and other participants lost fortunes and lives
- the fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire
