Unit 15: Flashcards
1
Q
Christopher Columbus
A
- Genoese (Italian) sea captain/ explorer
- August 3, 1492= sailed from Spain to Americas/Caribbean (though he reached Asia)
- sailed west to get east
- landed Oct 12, 1492
- nina, pinta, sata maria
- met the natives= Taino
- called them Indians
- gave them small trinkets, they gave parrots, balls of cotton thread, VALUABLE THINGS
- he took advantage of that
- interested in gold
- 1493= reurned to Spaim,; rulers sgreeed to finance 3 more trips
- Sept 1493= returned but to colonize
- brought 17 ships, 1,000 soldiers, crewmen and colonists
2
Q
colony
A
land that are controlled by another nation
3
Q
Pedreo Alvares Cabral
A
- Portuguses exploerer
- 1500= reached modern-day Brazil and claimed it for Portugal
4
Q
Amerigo Vespucci
A
- Italian serving for Spaim
- 1501= traveled to coast of South America
- claimed that the land wa not Asia but a “new” world
- 1507= a German mapmaker named the new continent “America” in honor of Amerigo Vespucci
5
Q
Ferdinand Magellan
A
- Portuguses explorer
- 1519= led a expedition that sailed around the entire world but he died in the Phillipines (CIRCUMNAVIGATE)
- 250 men, 5 ships
- only 28 men and 2 ship arrived bakc in Spain in 1522, almost 3 yrs after they left (died from disease or battle)
6
Q
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
A
- Spanish explorer
- marched through moder-day Panama
- became the first european to see the Pacific Ocean
7
Q
Hernando Cortes
A
- Spaniard
- 1519= landed on the shores of Mexico
- colonized some Caribbean islands
- learned of the wealth of the Aztecs
- reached Tenochtitlan
- Montezuma II (EMPEROR)= convinced that Cortes and his men were gods wearing armor
- he gave them gold
- Cortes watd more gold (“disease of the heart that only gold can cure”)
- he killed Aztecs during a religious festival
- June 1520= Aztecs rebelled and drove out Cotes’s forces but they fought back and conquered the Aztec Empire
- FACTORS…….
1. Spanish weapons (guns) were beter than the Aztec spears
2. some other native groups helped defeat the Aztecs (some hated the Aztecs rituals—> human sacrifice)
3. DISEASE (measles, mumps, smallpox, typhus; the native were not immune - equivalent to 4 bubonic plagues
- 1519= 253 mil natives
- 1523= 16.8 mil natives
- 1548= 6.3 mil natives
- 1605= 1 mil natives
8
Q
conquistadors
A
- Spanish explorers, soldiers and fortune hunters
- took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century
9
Q
Francisco Pizarro
A
- conquistador
- son of infantry captain and a young peasnat woman
- raised by poor mom’s family
- can’t read
- 1532= conquered Incan Empire
- captured Atahualpa
- killed him
- Incan capital- Cuzco
10
Q
Atahualpa
A
- last Incan ruler
- captured by Pizarro
- ransome= fill a room with gold and 2 with silver (24 tons of gold/silver); richest ransome in history
- he wasn’t released but supposed to be burned at the stake
- if he converted to Christianity, he would be stangled instead
- he converted and was strangled
- the Incans believed that the soul needs the body after a person died (mummies)
- if he wasn burned, there would be no body
11
Q
other empires conquered by the Spanish
A
-Mayan (at Yucatan and Guatamala)3
12
Q
peninsulares
A
- Spanish settlers to the Americas
- mostly men
13
Q
mestizo
A
- mizxed Spanish and Native American population
- becuase almost all the colonists were men, they began to have relationships with or rape the natve women
14
Q
encomienda
A
- Spanish forcing the Native Americans to work
- mining, farming, ranching
- doing things the Spainish don’t want to do themselves
- lords promised they would act fairly but many abused the natives or worked them to death, especially in the mines
15
Q
Portuguses in Brazil
A
- 1500= Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal
- little gold or silver
- began growing sugar (sugar plantations)–> cleared out many forests
- the demand for sugar in Europe was great and the colony soon enriched Portugal
- settled more land for sugar production
16
Q
Spain
A
- became the richest, most powerful nation in the world during much of the 16th century
- all b/c of Spain’s American colonies
- increased military
- built a powerful navy
- created a skillful and determined army
- wealth= held bring about a golden age of art and culture
- Spanish bured the Aztec codex (all of Aztec writings)
- they wanted to wipe it out and replace it
17
Q
Juan Ponce de Leon
A
- Spanish explorer
- 1513= landed on the coast of modern-day Florida and claimed it for Spain
18
Q
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
A
- 1540-1541= led an expedition throughout much of present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas
- found littel gold
- result= Spanish monarchy assigned mostly priests to explore and colonize the future united states
19
Q
Pedro de Peralta
A
- governor of New Mexico (Spained northern holdings)
- 1609-1610= led sttlers to a tributary on the upper Rio Grande
- built Santa Fe (capital)–> “Holy Faith”
- next 2 decades= a string of Christian missions rose among the Peublo (native inhabitants of the region)
- scattered forts, missions, and small ranches were created in New Mexico, which became the headquarters for advancing the Catholic religion
20
Q
Bartolome de Las Casas
A
- Dominican monk
- didn;t like the encomienda system
- ppl should import slaves from Africa
- 1542= no more encomienda system
- he later changed his opinion about enslaving africans but other liked the idea
21
Q
Jacques Cartier
A
- Frenchman
- 1534= reached a gulf off the eastern coast of Canada that led to a broad river
- he named it the St Lawrence River
- he follewed it inward until he reached a large island donimated by mountain (he named it Mont Reat (Mount Royal) which becam known as Montreal)
22
Q
Samual de Champlain
A
- French explorer
- 1608= sailed up the St Lawrence River with 32 colonists
- founded Quebec (became the base of France’s colonial empire in North America)
23
Q
New France
A
- France’s colonial empire in North America
- covered what is now the midwestern United States and eastern
- large but sparsely populated
- many of the French colonists didn’t want to raise families or build towns but they becmae traders instead (fur trade= New France’s main economical activity)
- more interestedin making money
24
Q
Sieur de La Salle
A
- explored the lower Mississippi
- claimed the entire river valley for France
- named it Louisiana in honor of the French king, Louis XIV
25
Q
Jamestown
A
- coast of Virginia
- named in honor of the English king, King James, who sent 3 ships with 100 settlers to here
- settlers were mostly single men who didn’t want to build towns or raise families but participated in trade
- England’s first permanent settlement in North America
- it’s start was terrible
- the settlers were more intersted in finding gold than planting crops
- during the first few yrs, 7/10 ppl died of hunger, disease, ot battles with the native americans
- they eventually began to plant
26
Q
Pilgrims
A
- persecuted for their reilgious beliefs in England
- sought religious freedom
- 1620= founded a second English colony; PLYMOUTH in Massachusetts
27
Q
Puritans
A
- also sought religious freedom from England’s Anglican Church
- established a larger colony at Massachusetts Bay
- they wanted to build the model community that would set an example for other Christians to follow
- early difficulties, gradually got better
- numerous families, unlike the sinlge, male population in Jamestown
28
Q
Henry Hudson
A
- Englishman in service of the Netherlands
- 1609= sailed west, searching for northwest sea route to Asia-unsuccessful
- he exploered 3 waterways that were later named after him (Hudson River, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait)
29
Q
New Netherland
A
- the Dutch holdings in North America
- slow to attract colonists
- to encourage settlers the comoly opened it’s doors to a vaiety of peoples
- the Dutch established furtrade woth the Iroquois Indians
- they built trading posts along the Hudson River ar Fort Orange (Albany) and on Manhattan Island
- Dutch merchants formed the Dutch West India Comapny
- 1621= the Dutch gov grated the company permission to colonize the rigion and expand fur trade
- profited from fur trade
30
Q
Colonizing the Caribbean
A
- 1600s
- French= seized control of present-day Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Marinique
- English= settle Barbados and Jamaica
- Dutch= captured modern-day Antilles and Aruba from Spain
- cotton and sugar plantations, where enslaved Africans would work
- French, English, and Dutch battle eachother for colonial supremacy
- the English defeat the Dutch (the Dutch surrendered
- 1750= 1.2 mil English settlers lived in 13 colonies from Maine to Georgia
31
Q
the French and Indian War
A
- war between the English and French in North America
- they also fought for supremacy in Europe, the West Indies, and India
- became part of a larger conflict known as the Seven Years War
- the French surrendered their North American holdings
- British siezed control of the eastern half of north America
32
Q
French and Dutch’s relationship with the Natives
A
- mutual benefits of the fur trade
- Native American did most of the trapping and then trader furs to the French for guns, hatchets, mirrors, and beads
- the Dutch cooperated with the Native Americans in an effort to establish a fur-trading enterprise
33
Q
English relations with Native Americans
A
- early relations= ok
- worsened over the issues of land and religion
- English wanted to move natives off the land to grown tabacco
- they thought of the Native Americans as heathans (people without a faith)
- Puritans viewed Native Americans as agents of the devil ans as a threat to their godly society
- Native Americans developed a similarly harsh view of the European invaders
34
Q
Metacom
A
- King Philip
- Native American ruler
- King Philip’s War= bloodiest conflicts between colonists and Native Americans
- started when he led an attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts
- both sides massacred hundreds of victims
- colonoist defeated natives
