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Ancient World History > Unit 15: > Flashcards

Unit 15: Flashcards

1
Q

Christopher Columbus

A
  • Genoese (Italian) sea captain/ explorer
  • August 3, 1492= sailed from Spain to Americas/Caribbean (though he reached Asia)
  • sailed west to get east
  • landed Oct 12, 1492
  • nina, pinta, sata maria
  • met the natives= Taino
  • called them Indians
  • gave them small trinkets, they gave parrots, balls of cotton thread, VALUABLE THINGS
  • he took advantage of that
  • interested in gold
  • 1493= reurned to Spaim,; rulers sgreeed to finance 3 more trips
  • Sept 1493= returned but to colonize
  • brought 17 ships, 1,000 soldiers, crewmen and colonists
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2
Q

colony

A

land that are controlled by another nation

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3
Q

Pedreo Alvares Cabral

A
  • Portuguses exploerer

- 1500= reached modern-day Brazil and claimed it for Portugal

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4
Q

Amerigo Vespucci

A
  • Italian serving for Spaim
  • 1501= traveled to coast of South America
  • claimed that the land wa not Asia but a “new” world
  • 1507= a German mapmaker named the new continent “America” in honor of Amerigo Vespucci
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5
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A
  • Portuguses explorer
  • 1519= led a expedition that sailed around the entire world but he died in the Phillipines (CIRCUMNAVIGATE)
  • 250 men, 5 ships
  • only 28 men and 2 ship arrived bakc in Spain in 1522, almost 3 yrs after they left (died from disease or battle)
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6
Q

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

A
  • Spanish explorer
  • marched through moder-day Panama
  • became the first european to see the Pacific Ocean
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7
Q

Hernando Cortes

A
  • Spaniard
  • 1519= landed on the shores of Mexico
  • colonized some Caribbean islands
  • learned of the wealth of the Aztecs
  • reached Tenochtitlan
  • Montezuma II (EMPEROR)= convinced that Cortes and his men were gods wearing armor
  • he gave them gold
  • Cortes watd more gold (“disease of the heart that only gold can cure”)
  • he killed Aztecs during a religious festival
  • June 1520= Aztecs rebelled and drove out Cotes’s forces but they fought back and conquered the Aztec Empire
  • FACTORS…….
    1. Spanish weapons (guns) were beter than the Aztec spears
    2. some other native groups helped defeat the Aztecs (some hated the Aztecs rituals—> human sacrifice)
    3. DISEASE (measles, mumps, smallpox, typhus; the native were not immune
  • equivalent to 4 bubonic plagues
  • 1519= 253 mil natives
  • 1523= 16.8 mil natives
  • 1548= 6.3 mil natives
  • 1605= 1 mil natives
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8
Q

conquistadors

A
  • Spanish explorers, soldiers and fortune hunters

- took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century

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9
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A
  • conquistador
  • son of infantry captain and a young peasnat woman
  • raised by poor mom’s family
  • can’t read
  • 1532= conquered Incan Empire
  • captured Atahualpa
  • killed him
  • Incan capital- Cuzco
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10
Q

Atahualpa

A
  • last Incan ruler
  • captured by Pizarro
  • ransome= fill a room with gold and 2 with silver (24 tons of gold/silver); richest ransome in history
  • he wasn’t released but supposed to be burned at the stake
  • if he converted to Christianity, he would be stangled instead
  • he converted and was strangled
  • the Incans believed that the soul needs the body after a person died (mummies)
  • if he wasn burned, there would be no body
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11
Q

other empires conquered by the Spanish

A

-Mayan (at Yucatan and Guatamala)3

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12
Q

peninsulares

A
  • Spanish settlers to the Americas

- mostly men

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13
Q

mestizo

A
  • mizxed Spanish and Native American population

- becuase almost all the colonists were men, they began to have relationships with or rape the natve women

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14
Q

encomienda

A
  • Spanish forcing the Native Americans to work
  • mining, farming, ranching
  • doing things the Spainish don’t want to do themselves
  • lords promised they would act fairly but many abused the natives or worked them to death, especially in the mines
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15
Q

Portuguses in Brazil

A
  • 1500= Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal
  • little gold or silver
  • began growing sugar (sugar plantations)–> cleared out many forests
  • the demand for sugar in Europe was great and the colony soon enriched Portugal
  • settled more land for sugar production
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16
Q

Spain

A
  • became the richest, most powerful nation in the world during much of the 16th century
  • all b/c of Spain’s American colonies
  • increased military
  • built a powerful navy
  • created a skillful and determined army
  • wealth= held bring about a golden age of art and culture
  • Spanish bured the Aztec codex (all of Aztec writings)
  • they wanted to wipe it out and replace it
17
Q

Juan Ponce de Leon

A
  • Spanish explorer

- 1513= landed on the coast of modern-day Florida and claimed it for Spain

18
Q

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

A
  • 1540-1541= led an expedition throughout much of present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas
  • found littel gold
  • result= Spanish monarchy assigned mostly priests to explore and colonize the future united states
19
Q

Pedro de Peralta

A
  • governor of New Mexico (Spained northern holdings)
  • 1609-1610= led sttlers to a tributary on the upper Rio Grande
  • built Santa Fe (capital)–> “Holy Faith”
  • next 2 decades= a string of Christian missions rose among the Peublo (native inhabitants of the region)
  • scattered forts, missions, and small ranches were created in New Mexico, which became the headquarters for advancing the Catholic religion
20
Q

Bartolome de Las Casas

A
  • Dominican monk
  • didn;t like the encomienda system
  • ppl should import slaves from Africa
  • 1542= no more encomienda system
  • he later changed his opinion about enslaving africans but other liked the idea
21
Q

Jacques Cartier

A
  • Frenchman
  • 1534= reached a gulf off the eastern coast of Canada that led to a broad river
  • he named it the St Lawrence River
  • he follewed it inward until he reached a large island donimated by mountain (he named it Mont Reat (Mount Royal) which becam known as Montreal)
22
Q

Samual de Champlain

A
  • French explorer
  • 1608= sailed up the St Lawrence River with 32 colonists
  • founded Quebec (became the base of France’s colonial empire in North America)
23
Q

New France

A
  • France’s colonial empire in North America
  • covered what is now the midwestern United States and eastern
  • large but sparsely populated
  • many of the French colonists didn’t want to raise families or build towns but they becmae traders instead (fur trade= New France’s main economical activity)
  • more interestedin making money
24
Q

Sieur de La Salle

A
  • explored the lower Mississippi
  • claimed the entire river valley for France
  • named it Louisiana in honor of the French king, Louis XIV
25
Q

Jamestown

A
  • coast of Virginia
  • named in honor of the English king, King James, who sent 3 ships with 100 settlers to here
  • settlers were mostly single men who didn’t want to build towns or raise families but participated in trade
  • England’s first permanent settlement in North America
  • it’s start was terrible
  • the settlers were more intersted in finding gold than planting crops
  • during the first few yrs, 7/10 ppl died of hunger, disease, ot battles with the native americans
  • they eventually began to plant
26
Q

Pilgrims

A
  • persecuted for their reilgious beliefs in England
  • sought religious freedom
  • 1620= founded a second English colony; PLYMOUTH in Massachusetts
27
Q

Puritans

A
  • also sought religious freedom from England’s Anglican Church
  • established a larger colony at Massachusetts Bay
  • they wanted to build the model community that would set an example for other Christians to follow
  • early difficulties, gradually got better
  • numerous families, unlike the sinlge, male population in Jamestown
28
Q

Henry Hudson

A
  • Englishman in service of the Netherlands
  • 1609= sailed west, searching for northwest sea route to Asia-unsuccessful
  • he exploered 3 waterways that were later named after him (Hudson River, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait)
29
Q

New Netherland

A
  • the Dutch holdings in North America
  • slow to attract colonists
  • to encourage settlers the comoly opened it’s doors to a vaiety of peoples
  • the Dutch established furtrade woth the Iroquois Indians
  • they built trading posts along the Hudson River ar Fort Orange (Albany) and on Manhattan Island
  • Dutch merchants formed the Dutch West India Comapny
  • 1621= the Dutch gov grated the company permission to colonize the rigion and expand fur trade
  • profited from fur trade
30
Q

Colonizing the Caribbean

A
  • 1600s
  • French= seized control of present-day Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Marinique
  • English= settle Barbados and Jamaica
  • Dutch= captured modern-day Antilles and Aruba from Spain
  • cotton and sugar plantations, where enslaved Africans would work
  • French, English, and Dutch battle eachother for colonial supremacy
  • the English defeat the Dutch (the Dutch surrendered
  • 1750= 1.2 mil English settlers lived in 13 colonies from Maine to Georgia
31
Q

the French and Indian War

A
  • war between the English and French in North America
  • they also fought for supremacy in Europe, the West Indies, and India
  • became part of a larger conflict known as the Seven Years War
  • the French surrendered their North American holdings
  • British siezed control of the eastern half of north America
32
Q

French and Dutch’s relationship with the Natives

A
  • mutual benefits of the fur trade
  • Native American did most of the trapping and then trader furs to the French for guns, hatchets, mirrors, and beads
  • the Dutch cooperated with the Native Americans in an effort to establish a fur-trading enterprise
33
Q

English relations with Native Americans

A
  • early relations= ok
  • worsened over the issues of land and religion
  • English wanted to move natives off the land to grown tabacco
  • they thought of the Native Americans as heathans (people without a faith)
  • Puritans viewed Native Americans as agents of the devil ans as a threat to their godly society
  • Native Americans developed a similarly harsh view of the European invaders
34
Q

Metacom

A
  • King Philip
  • Native American ruler
  • King Philip’s War= bloodiest conflicts between colonists and Native Americans
  • started when he led an attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts
  • both sides massacred hundreds of victims
  • colonoist defeated natives

Ancient World History (15 decks)

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