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Ancient World History > Unit 5: Islam > Flashcards

Unit 5: Islam Flashcards

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1
Q

Bedouins

A
  • Arab nomads (in Spain)
  • organized into groups called clans
  • -the clans provided security and support for a life made difficult by extreme conditions of the desert
  • Bedouin ideals of courage and loyalty to the family would become the Islamic way of life
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2
Q

Mecca

A
  • city in western Arabia
  • a place where Muslims go to during their pilgrimage
  • has the Ka’aba
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3
Q

the Ka’aba

A
  • an ancient shrine in Mecca
  • where Muslims (during their pilgrimage) worship
  • had contained over 360 idols from many tribes
  • Later, Muhammad destroyed all the idols and dedicated it to Allah
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4
Q

Allah

A

-the Muslim god

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5
Q

Muhammad

A
  • born about A.D. 570 to a clan of a powerful Meccan family
  • orphaned at 6 yrs. old & raised by his grandfather
  • had little schooling and began working in the caravan trade as a very young man
  • at age 25, be became a trader and business manager for Khadijah (wealthy business woman, 40 yrs. old), who he later married
  • prayed and meditated
  • one night, a voice (Gabriel, messenger of Allah) called to him while he was meditating in a cave outside of Mecca
  • began to teach that Allah was the one and only god and that all other gods must be abandoned-his followers were called Muslims
  • his first followers were his several close friends and his wife , Khadijah
  • (year) 622 : moved out of Mecca to Yathrib ( a town 200 mile north of Mecca) after some of his followers were attacked…….this was called the Hijrah
  • became a military, religious, and political leader in Yathrib (aka. Medina)
  • (year) 630 : Muhammad and 10,000 followers came back to Mecca ——> Mecca’s leaders surrendered
  • most Meccan’s pledged their loyalty to Muhammad and converted to Islam
  • Muhammad died 2 years later at age 62
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6
Q

Islam

A

-religion
-started by Muhammad
-followers = Muslims
- means “submission to the will of Allah” in Arabic
-

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7
Q

Muslim

A
  • followers of Muhammad (Islam)
  • means “one who submitted” in Arabic
  • viewd Jesus as a prophet, not the Son of God
  • refer to the Christians and Jews as “ppl of the book” because each religion has a holy book with teachings similar to those of the Qur’an
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8
Q

umma

A

-Muslim religious community

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9
Q

The Five Pillars of Islam

A

5 duties
-Faith : To become a Muslim, a person has to testify that “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad if the Messenger of Allah.” This statement is used in Islamic rituals and Muslim daily life

  • Prayer : Muslims pray 5 times a day. They must assemble at a mosque or wherever they are and face towards Mecca
  • Alms : Muslims meet their social responsibility, taught by Muhammad by giving alms to the poor through a special religious tax
  • Fasting : Muslims fast from dawn to sunset during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan. A simple meal is eaten at the end of the day. Fasting reminds Muslims that their spiritual needs are greater that their physical needs
  • Pilgrimage : All Muslims who are financially and physically able perform the hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) at least once. The Pilgrims wear identical garments so that all stand as equals before Allah.
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10
Q

mosque

A
  • aka mahsk

- an Islamic house of worship

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11
Q

alms

A

-money for the poor

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12
Q

utama

A
  • scholar class

- religious teachers apply the words of and deeds of Muhammad to everyday life

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13
Q

the Qur’an

A
  • the holy book of the Muslims
  • contains Muhammad’s revelations
  • written in Arabic
  • Muslims consider the Arabic version to be the true word of Allah
  • only Arabic can be used in worship
  • wherever Muslims carried the Qur’an, Arabic becomes the language of worshipers and scholars
  • the Arabic language helped united conquered ppls as Muslim control expanded
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14
Q

Sunna

A

-model for proper living

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15
Q

shari’a

A
  • body of law assembled from the guidence of the Qur’an and Sunna
  • system of law that regulates the family life, moral conduct, and business and community life of Muslims
  • requires Muslim leaders to extend religious tolerance to Christians and Jews
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16
Q

the Hijrah

A
  • the migration Muhammad and his followers made from Mecca to Yathrib (aka Medina)
  • marked a turing point for Muhammad
  • Muhammad attracted many more followers
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17
Q

What event in Muhammad’s life signaled the beginning of Islam?

A
  • after he talked with Gabriel he soon realized that Allah was speaking through Gabriel
  • then he began teaching that Allah is the one and only God and that all other gods must be abandoned
  • his followers were called Muslims, who are followers of Islam
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18
Q

Why was Mecca an important city in western Arabia?

A
  • the city of Mecca has an ancient shrine, called the Ka’aba, where Muslim pilgrims worshiped during their religious pilgrimage to Mecca
  • at first the Ka’aba had over 360 idols from many tribes and was a place where the Arabs worshiped many gods and spirits
  • later, Muhammad destroyed the idols and dedicated the shrine to Allah
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19
Q

Why did Muslims consider Christians and Jews “people of the book?”

A

-both/all religions have a holy book

with teachings similar to to those of the Qur’an

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20
Q

In what ways are the teachings of the Muslims similar to those of the Christians and Jews?

A
  • to Muslims, Allah is the same God that is worshiped in Christianity and Judaism
  • they all believe in a heaven and a hell and a day of judgement
  • all have the Old Testament
  • they all trace their ancestry to Abraham
  • Look at classnotes
21
Q

caliph

A
  • title that means “successor” or “deputy”

- a supreme political and religious leader in Muslim government

22
Q

Abu-Bakr

A
  • first caliph in 632
  • elected by Muslim community
  • loyal friend of Muhammad
  • one of the 4 “rightly guided” caliphs
  • promised the Muslim community he would defend what Muhammad stood for
  • invoked jihad, and applied it to encourage and justify the expansion of Islam
  • died 634
23
Q

Who were the 4 “rightly guided” caliphs?

A
  • Abu-Bakr
  • Umar
  • Uthman
  • Ali
  • all had known Muhammad
  • used that Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guids to leadership
  • their rule was called a caliphate
  • made great progress in their quest to speard Islam
24
Q

jihad

A
  • means “striving”
  • can refer to the inner struggle aginst evil
  • can also be used in the Qur’an to mean an armed struggle against unbelievers
25
Q

Umar

A
  • 2nd caliph
  • under him, Muslim armies conqured Syria and lower Egypt, which were a part of the Byzantine Empire
  • also took parts of the Sassanid Empire
  • he and Ali continued to expand Muslim territory
  • by 750, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River
26
Q

How were Chrisitians and Jews treated?

A
  • as “ppl of the book” they recieved special consideration
  • paid a poll tax each year to keep them from doing military duties
  • subject to many restrictions
27
Q

Uthman

A
  • 3rd caliph

- murdered in 656, which started a civil war where various groups struggle for power

28
Q

Ali

A
  • 4th caliph
  • Muhammad’s cousin and son in-law
  • his right to rule was challenged by Muawiya, a governor of Syria
  • 661, Ali was assassinated and the elective system of chosing a caliph died with him
29
Q

Umayyads

A
  • family that came to power after Ali
  • moved capital to Damascus—->made controlling conquered territoried easier
  • Arabs felt it was too far away from their lands
  • Unmayyads abandoned simple caliph life and surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremonies similar to those of non-Muslims
  • overthrown by rebel groups in 750
30
Q

Damascus

A
  • away from Mecca
  • made controlling territoried easier
  • leading city during the construction of Baghdad
  • cultural center of Islamic learning
31
Q

Shi’a

A
  • means the “party” of Ali
  • thought that the caliph needed to be a descendent of Muhammd
  • resisted to Umayyad rule
  • members = Shi’ites
32
Q

Sunni

A
  • means followers of Muhammd’s example

- did not resist the rule of the Umayyads

33
Q

Sufi

A
  • rejected the lixurious life of the Umayyads

- pursued a life of poverty and devoted to a spiritual path

34
Q

Abbasids

A
  • one of the groups (most powerful) who overthrew the Umayyads
  • took control of the empire in 750
  • murdered the Umayyad family (prince named Abd al-Rahman escaped to Spain and set up an Umayyad caliphate)
  • moved capital to Baghdad (central Iraq) in 762
  • Abbasids develpoped a stron bureaucracy to conduct the huge empire’s affairs
  • treasury : kept track of money flow
  • a special department managed the business of the army
  • diplomats were sent to courts in Europe, Africa, and Asia to conduct imperial business
  • Abbasids taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslims’ wealth
  • increased authority by consulting religious leaders
  • failed to keep complete political control of the empire
  • governed during a prosperous period of Muslim history (riches came from Europe, Asia, and Africa—>build luxurious cities
  • Abbisad caliphate lasted from 750-1258
35
Q

al-Andalus

A

-Muslim ruled region in Spain

36
Q

Baghdad

A
  • -central Iraq
  • had key tade routes
  • gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information throughout the empire
37
Q

the Fatimid

A
  • caliphate
  • formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima
  • began in North Africa and spread scross the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria
  • still connected to the Abbasid caliphate through religion, language, trade and economy
38
Q

sakks

A
  • pronounced “check” in Europe
  • letters of credit (check)
  • could be cashed in
  • used my merchants
39
Q

Claliph al-Mansur

A
  • placed Baghdad (capital) on the west bank of the Tigris River and was near the grand mosque
  • Baghdad’s population rose to 1 million ppl
40
Q

the 4 Social Classes

A
  1. Upper Class : inclided those who were Muslims at birth
  2. Second Class : converts to Islam
  3. Third Class : the “protected ppl”, which included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians
  4. Lowest Class : slaves (prisoners of war, all were non-Muslim, frequently performed houshold work or fought in the military)
41
Q

the Role of Women

A
  • the Qur’an says men and women are equal (as believers)
    -had specific rights on marriage, family and property
    -Muslim women had more economic and property rights than European, Indian, and Chinese women of the same time period
    -Muslim women were expected to submit to men
    (if a man wanted to divorce his wife, all he had to do was say “I dismiss thee” three times and the divorece was final in 3 months)
    -had access to education and could participate in public life, some became poets and scholars
    -all were responsible for raising the children
    -rich women took care of the household and servants
    -poor women would often work in the fields with her husband
    -all women were expected to wear a veil when in public
42
Q

the House of Wisdom

A
  • opened by Caliph al-Ma’mum
  • Baghdad
  • it was a combination of a library, academy and a translation center
  • scholars (researchers, editors, linguists, and technical advisors) of differnt cultures and beliefs worked side by side translating scientific and philosophical texts from Greece, India, Persia, and elswhere into Arabic
  • scholars developed standards and techniques for research that are a part of basi methods of today’s research
  • some Muslim scholars used Greek ideas in fresh, new ways; others created original works of the highest quality
43
Q

Muslim Literature

A
  • strong tradition in Arabia
  • poems celebrated bravery, love, generosity, and hospitality; later, poems about nature and thepleasure of life and love were written
  • the Qur’an in the standard for all Arabic literature and poetry
  • popular literature : The Thousand and One Nights (look in book, pg. 276)
44
Q

Muslim Art and Architecture

A
  • Muslims believed that only Allah can create life and that no images of living beings were to be made. So, many artists turned to calligraphy
  • some began doing woodwork, glass, ceramics, and textiles
  • some buildings reflectedthe culture of the ppl of the area
  • Ex: the Great Mosque of Damascus (built on the side of a Christian church)
  • in Syrian areas, the architecture included features that were very Roman (baths and heating systems)
45
Q

calligraphy

A
  • the art of beautiful handwriting (ornamental writing)
  • considered to reflet the glory of Allah
  • pictoral calligraphy : used letters from the alphabet (Arabic)
46
Q

Medical Advances

A
  • al-Razi (Persian scholar, greatest physician of the Muslim world): wrote the Comprehensive Book (medical encyclopedia), which drew knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic, and Indian cultures along with his own experience
  • he also wrote Treatise on Smallpox and Measles (translated into several languages)
  • he believed that patients would recover more quickly if they breathed cleaner air
47
Q

Advances in Math and Science

A
  • Muslims translated and studies Greek texts
  • Muslim scientists preferred to solve problems by conducting experiments in labratories, rather than using logical resoning over uncovered facts through observation (what Greek thinkers, like Aristotle and Pythagoras did)
  • Muslim schoalrs believed that math was the basis of all knowledge
  • al-Khwarizimi (mathematician born in Baghdad in late 700s) studied the Indian sources rather than Greek
  • he wrote a text book explaining “the art of bringing together unknowns to match a known quality”
  • he called this technique al-jabr, known today as algebra
  • many advances in math related to astronomy; Mulsim observatories charted starts, comets, and planets
  • Ibn al-Haytham (brilliant mathematician) made a book called Optics, which revolutionized ideas about vision
  • his studies about optics were used in devloping lenses for telescopes and micrscopes
48
Q

Philosophy

A
  • scholars in the House of Wisdom translated works of Greeks philosphers like Aristotle and Plato into Arabic
  • 1100s: Ibn Rushd (liven in Cordoba) argued that Greek philosophy ans Islam both have the same goal: to find the truth
  • Moses Ben Maimon (Jewish physician and philosopher, born in Cordoba, lived in Egypt) faced strong oppostion for his ideas but later became known as the greatest Jewish philosopher in history
  • he made a book called The Guide for the Perplexed, which blended philosphy, religion, and science
49
Q

The “Ideal Man”

A

pg 279

  • should be of East Persian derivation
  • Arabic
  • have and Iraqi education
  • Hebrew in intellegence
  • discipline of Christ in conduct
  • as religious as a Greek monk
  • a Greek in the individual sciences
  • an Indian in the interpretation of all mysteries
  • especially a Sufi in his whole spiritual life

Ancient World History (15 decks)

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