Unit 11: Middle Ages Part II Flashcards
1
Q
Switch to Horsepower
A
- horses were started to be used to pull wagons and plows instead of oxen
- the new plow had iron blades and wheels
- horse collar invented (replaces ox yoke)
- horses were stronger and faster but eat more high quality food than oxen
2
Q
three-field system
A
- farmers plant 3 fields instead of 2–> specialized labor
- 1 field had grain, 1 had legumes, the other lay fallow
- 2 were planted and the other rested for a year
- it allowed farmers to grow crops on 2/3 of their land instead of just half
- changed the way ppl organized themselves on manors
- kicked off the growth in cities
- food prodcution increased
3
Q
guild
A
- organization of indivivuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members
- merchant guilds, craft guilds
- set standards for quiality of work, wages, and working condition
- they created plans for supervising training of new workers
- covered members with health insurance
- provided funeral expensives and dowries for poor girls
- built almshouses for victims of misfortune
- guaranteed quality work
- took turns policing streets
- donated windows to the Church
4
Q
the Commercial Revolution
A
- expansion of trade and business
- changed the making and exchanging of goods
- changed transportation and payment (checks, banks)
- roads–> security
- fairs
5
Q
letters of credit
A
- a letter issued by a bank allowing the bearer to withdraw a specific amount of money from the bank or its branches
- they eliminated the need to carry large amounts of cash and made trade easier
6
Q
bills of exchange
A
-established exhange rates between different coinage systems
7
Q
profit
A
- increased business at markets and fairs made merchants willings to take chances on buying merchandise that they could sella at a profit
- merchants then reinvested the profits in more goods
8
Q
apprentice
A
- parents paid for training
- lived with master and his family and required to obey him
- trained 2-7 yrs
- wasn’t allowed to marry during training
- when train progressed to journeyman
9
Q
journeyman
A
- day worker
- worked for a master to earn slary
- worked 6 days a week
- needed to produce a masterpiece (finest work) to become a master
- had to be accepted byt the guild to become a master
10
Q
master
A
- owned own shop
- worked with other masters to protect trade
- sometimes served in civic gov
11
Q
usury
A
- sin
- Chirstians lending money at intrest
- forbidden (by Church)
12
Q
towns
A
- unsophisicated and tiny
- first under authority of lords, but burghers won rights
- serfs abandoned maors to live in towns (become free)
- houses = built with wood, fire hazard
- streets were narrow
- ppl didn’t bath, no sewers (dumped waste on streets)
- no fresh air, light, water
13
Q
burghers
A
- merchant-class town dwellers
- demanded privileges
- allyed with kings against lords
- won rights by force (fought against landlords)
14
Q
vernacular
A
- everday language
- not latin
- common ppl could understand
15
Q
How were Muslims linked to the revival of learning in Europe?
A
- christian scholars form Europe began visiting Muslim libraries in Spain
- Jewish scholars in Spain translated the Arabic versions of works of Aristotle.. etc into latin (science, math, philosophy, law…)
16
Q
university
A
- common ppl could learn to read and write
- run by Chruch
- made up of ppl, not buildings
- originally referred to a group of scholars meeting whenever they could
- vernacualr
- new ideas and forms of expression
17
Q
Dante Alighieri
A
-wrote the Divine Comedy in Italian
18
Q
Geoffrey Chaucer
A
-wrote the Canterbury Tales in English
