UNIT 9 (CH 14) Flashcards
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
social psychology
we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
attribution theory
observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
fundamental attribution error
we act to reduce discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
cognitive dissonance theory
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
conformity
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
social facilitation
people in a group exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
social loafing
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
deindividuation
enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
group polarization
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
groupthink
enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
culture
understood rule for accepted and expected behavior - norms prescribe “proper” behavior
norm
us - people with whom we share a common identity
ingroup
them - those perceived as different or apart from our group
outgroup
the tendency to favor our own group
ingroup bias
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
scapegoat theory
the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately that faces of other races - as known as: cross-race effect or own-race bias
other-race effect
frustration - the blocking of an attempt to schieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
frustration-aggression principle
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
mere exposure effect
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
passionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
companionate love
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
equity
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
self-disclosure
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
altruism
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present
bystander effect
social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
social exchange theory
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
reciprocity norm
people will help those dependent upon them
social-responsibility norm
perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
conflict
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
social trap
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
self-fulfilling prophecy
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
attitude
attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
central route persuasion
attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness
peripheral route persuasion
people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
role
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
normative social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality
informational social influence
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members
prejudice
a generalized (sometimes accute but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
stereotype
unfustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
discrimination
people believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
just-world phenomenon
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
aggression
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
superordinate goals
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
GRIT
culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
social script
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
mirror-image perceptions
