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AP PSYCH > UNIT 5 (CH 7/11) > Flashcards

UNIT 5 (CH 7/11) Flashcards

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1
Q

the persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

A

memory

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2
Q

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yeild better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice

A

spacing effect

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3
Q

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

A

serial position effect

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4
Q

the encoding of picture images

A

visual encoding

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5
Q

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

A

acoustic encoding

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6
Q

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

A

semantic encoding

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7
Q

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

A

imagery

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8
Q

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

A

mnemonics

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9
Q

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

A

chunking

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10
Q

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second

A

iconic memory

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11
Q

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds

A

echoic memory

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12
Q

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

A

long-term potentiation (LTP)

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13
Q

retention independent of conscious recollection - IMpossible to remember

A

implicit memory

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14
Q

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” - able to EXplain

A

explicit memory

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15
Q

a neural cneter that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

A

hippocampus

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16
Q

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

A

mood-congruent memory

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17
Q

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

A

proactive interference

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18
Q

the disruption effect of new learning on the recall of old information

A

retroactive interference

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19
Q

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

A

repression

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20
Q

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event; at the heart of false memories

A

misinformation effect

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21
Q

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined; at the heart of false memories

A

source amnesia

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22
Q

the processing of information into the memory system

A

encoding

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23
Q

the retention of encoded information over time

A

storage

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24
Q

the process of getting information our of memory storage

A

retrieval

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25
Q

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

A

sensory memory

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26
Q

activitated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or fargotten

A

short-term memory

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27
Q

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills and experiences

A

long-term memory

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28
Q

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

A

working memory

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29
Q

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mose of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

A

parallel processing

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30
Q

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning

A

automatic processing

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31
Q

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

A

effortful processing

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32
Q

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

A

rehearsal

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33
Q

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

A

flashbulb memory

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34
Q

the loss of memory

A

amnesia

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35
Q

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

A

recall

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36
Q

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

A

recognition

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37
Q

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

A

relearning

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38
Q

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

A

priming

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39
Q

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

A

deja vu

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40
Q

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

A

algorithm

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41
Q

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

A

heuristic

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42
Q

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

A

insight

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43
Q

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

A

creativity

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44
Q

a tendency to search for information that supports our presonceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

A

confirmation bias

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45
Q

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

A

fixation

46
Q

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been sucessful in the past

A

mental set

47
Q

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

A

functional fixedness

48
Q

the tendency to be more confident that correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

A

overconfidence

49
Q

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were informed has been discredited

A

belief perseverence

50
Q

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

A

framing

51
Q

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

A

language

52
Q

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

A

phoneme

53
Q

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word

A

morpheme

54
Q

a system if rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

A

grammar

55
Q

the set of rules by which we derive menaing from morphemes, words, and sentences ina given language; also, the study of meaning

A

semantics

56
Q

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

A

syntax

57
Q

beginning at about 4 months - infants spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

A

babbling stage

58
Q

Whrof’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

A

linguistic determination

59
Q

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

cognition

60
Q

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people

A

concept

61
Q

a mental image or best example of a category

A

prototype

62
Q

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

A

representativeness heuristic

63
Q

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability on memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

A

availability heuristic

64
Q

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with eplicit, conscious reasoning

A

intuition

65
Q

the stage in speech development, from about 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words`

A

one-word stage

66
Q

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

A

two-word stage

67
Q

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a tetlgram - “go car”

A

telegraphic speech

68
Q

a method for assessinf an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

A

intelligence test

69
Q

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

A

intelligence

70
Q

Spearman - a general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

A

general intelligence (g)

71
Q

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of realted items (factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score

A

factor analysis

72
Q

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an expectional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

A

savant sydrome

73
Q

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

A

emotional intelligence

74
Q

Binet - a measure of intelligence test performance - a child who does as well as a 8 year old has that mental age

A

mental age

75
Q

the widely used American version (Terman at Stanford University) of Binet’s original intelligence test

A

Stanford-Binet

76
Q

originally (ma/ca x 100 = IQ); now the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

A

intelligence quotient (IQ)

77
Q

tests designed to assess what a person has learned

A

achievement test

78
Q

tests designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

A

aptitude tests

79
Q

most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

80
Q

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretest

A

standardization

81
Q

the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many pyhsical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

A

normal curve

82
Q

the extent to which a test yields consistent redults, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting

A

reliability

83
Q

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

validity

84
Q

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

A

content validity

85
Q

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the ctiteriob behavior

A

predictive validity

86
Q

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to prefound

A

intellectual disability

87
Q

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

A

Down Syndrome

88
Q

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

A

stereotype threat

89
Q

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

A

grit

90
Q

a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period

A

cohort

91
Q

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

A

crystallized intelligence

92
Q

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

A

fluid intelligence

93
Q

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

A

cross-sectional study

94
Q

research that follows and retests the same people over time

A

longitudinal study

95
Q

the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of the population and environments studied

A

heritability

96
Q

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

A

testing effect (retrieval practice effect/test-enhanced learning)

97
Q

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

A

shallow processing

98
Q

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

A

deep processing

99
Q

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory)

A

episodic memory

100
Q

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

A

reconsolidation

101
Q

the neural storage of a long-term memory

A

memory consolidation

102
Q

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

A

encoding specificity principle

103
Q

an inability to form new memories

A

anterograde amnesia

104
Q

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past

A

retrograde amnesia

105
Q

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

A

convergent thinking

106
Q

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions

A

divergent thinking

107
Q

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).

A

aphasia

108
Q

helps control language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

A

Broca’s area

109
Q

a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

A

Wernicke’s area

110
Q

the weaker form of “linguistic relativity” - the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is “relative to” our cultural language)

A

linguistic influence

AP PSYCH (9 decks)

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