UNIT 8 (CH 12/13) Flashcards
psychological disorders characteristics by distressing, persistent, anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
anxiety disorders
continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
generalized anxiety disorder
marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
panic disorder
marked by a persistent, irrational fear and aviodance of a specific object, activity, or situation
phobia
characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
conversion disorder
a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)
conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
dissociative disorders
a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
schizophrenia
false beliefs, often of persecution of grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
delusions
characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
personality disorders
lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist - usually men
antisocial personality disorder
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
psychological disorder
marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of 3 key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
medical model
the APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks of more after a traumatic experience
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
post-traumatic growth
mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, 2 or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
major depressive disorder
marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
mania
person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
bipolar disorder
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight
psychodynamic therapy
a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses
insight therapies
Rogers - the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
client-centered therapy
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies - part of client-centered therapy
active listening
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
family therapy
clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
evidence-based practice
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or supress brain activity
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
psychosurgery
a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients - cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
lobotomy
a personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
resilience
uses techniques from various forms of therapy
eclectic appraoch
consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psycholoigcal difficulties or achieve personal growth
psychotherapy
free association, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist’s interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
psychoanalysis
the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
resistance
the analyst’s noting supposed dream meaning, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
interpretation
the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
transference
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
unconditional positive regard
applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
behavior therapy
uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors
counterconditioning
behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to things they fear and avoid
exposure therapies
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.Commonly used to treat phobias
systematic desensitization
anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears
virtual reality exposure therapy
type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
aversive conditioning
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange that tokens for various privileges or treats
token economy
teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
cognitive therapy
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
meta-analysis
prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system
biomedical therapy
the study of the effects of drugs on the mind
psychopharmacology
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
antianxiety drugs
Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used are selective seotonin reuptake inhibitors-SSRI)
antidepressant drugs
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction
group therapy
a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem
therapeutic alliance
intense fear and avoidance of social situations
social anxiety disorder
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Epigenetics
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic
agoraphobia
compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
rumination
a group of psychological disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
psychotic disorders
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Hallucinations
(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.
chronic schizophrenia
(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event
acute schizophrenia
psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
somatic symptom disorder
an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
binge-eating disorder
