UNIT 7 (CH 8/10) Flashcards
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psycholgical needs become active
hierarchy of needs
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When levels are low we feel hunger
glucose
sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females that by males and contributing to female sex characteristics
estrogens
the most important of the male sex horomones - both males and females have it
testosterone
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the other sex
sexual orientation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
motivation
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterened throughout a species and is unlearned
instinct
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
drive-reduction theory
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
homeostasis
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
incentive
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
set point
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
basal metabolic rate
an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feels fat, continues to starve - usually an adolescent female
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compnesatory puring, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
binge-eating disorder
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
sexual response cycle
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
refractory period
a response of the whole organism involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
emotion
our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
James-Lange theory
emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
to experience emotion on must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arsousal
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness
facial feedback
emotional release - “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
catharsis
an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
behavioral medicine
a subfield that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
health psychology
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
stress
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in 3 phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in North America
coronary heart disease
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
polygraph
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people’s quality of life
well-being
our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neural level defined by our prior experience
adaptation-level phenomenon
the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
relative deprivation
Friedman and Rosenman - competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman - easygoing, relaxed people
Type B
mind-body illness - any stress related physical illness
psychophysiological illness
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
lymphocytes
form in bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
B lymphocytes
form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
T lymphocytes
psycholoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
projection
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions
rationalization
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
displacement
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimului designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
projective test
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
the most widely used projective test - seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Rorschach inkblot test
the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless
personal control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate
external locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate
internal locus of control
overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
spotlight effect
one’s feelings of high or low self-worth
self-esteem
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
self-serving bias
giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather that group identifications
individualism
giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
collectivism
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
free association
Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts ans actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
psychoanalysis
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
unconscious
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives - operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
id
the largely conscious - “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in way that well realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
ego
represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience)and for future aspirations
superego
childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
psychosexual stages
according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Oedipus complex
the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos - Freud
identification
lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved - Freud
fixation
the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
defense mechanisms
the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
repression
defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
regression
defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
reaction formation
defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities
sublimation
defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities
denial
Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
collective unconscious
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
terror-management theory
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potenial
self-actualization
according to Roger’s, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
unconditional positive regard
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “Who am I?”
self-concept
a characteristics pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
trait
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors
personality inventory
most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
Minnesota Multiohasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
a test (MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
empirically derived test
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including thinking) and their social context
social-cognitive perspective
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
reciprocal determinism
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
positive psychology
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
self
a basic bodily requirement
physiological need
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Yerkes-Dodson Law
BMI of 30 or higher
obesity
having no sexual attraction to others
asexual
the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
affiliation need
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
ostracism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
narcissism
a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of skills and idea, for control, and for attaining a high standard
achievement motivation
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
grit
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions
behavior feedback effect
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
tend-and-befriend response
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
aerobic exercise
a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner
mindfulness meditation
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
positive psychology
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.
subjective well-being
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
personality
view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
psychodynamic theories of personality
emphasize the growth potential of “healthy” individuals.
humanistic theories of personality
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
hierarchy of needs
according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self
self-transcendence
focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
behavioral approach of personality
one’s sense of competence and effectiveness
self-efficacy
