UNIT 7 (CH 8/10) Flashcards
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psycholgical needs become active
hierarchy of needs
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When levels are low we feel hunger
glucose
sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females that by males and contributing to female sex characteristics
estrogens
the most important of the male sex horomones - both males and females have it
testosterone
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the other sex
sexual orientation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
motivation
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterened throughout a species and is unlearned
instinct
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
drive-reduction theory
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
homeostasis
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
incentive
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
set point
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
basal metabolic rate
an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feels fat, continues to starve - usually an adolescent female
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compnesatory puring, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
binge-eating disorder
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
sexual response cycle
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
refractory period
a response of the whole organism involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
emotion
our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
James-Lange theory
emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
to experience emotion on must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arsousal
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness
facial feedback
emotional release - “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
catharsis
an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
behavioral medicine
a subfield that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
health psychology
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
stress
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in 3 phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in North America
coronary heart disease
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
polygraph
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people’s quality of life
well-being
our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neural level defined by our prior experience
adaptation-level phenomenon
the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
relative deprivation
Friedman and Rosenman - competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman - easygoing, relaxed people
Type B
mind-body illness - any stress related physical illness
psychophysiological illness
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
lymphocytes
form in bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
B lymphocytes
form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
T lymphocytes
psycholoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
projection
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions
rationalization