Unit 9 - Abdomen and Pelvis Flashcards

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1
Q

Name this bone marking

A

Greater sciatic foramen (anterior view)

Only visible when ligaments (soft tissue) are in view.

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2
Q

Name this bone marking

A

Greater sciatic foramen (posterior view)

Only visible when ligaments (soft tissue) are in view

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3
Q

Name this bone marking

A

Lesser sciatic foramen (posterior-latero view)

Only visible when:
- Ligaments (soft tissue) are in view
- On certain angles: lateral and posterior views are best for viewing.

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4
Q

Name this bone marking

A

Pelvic Inlet

i.e. Superior pelvic aperture

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5
Q

Name this bone marking

A

Pelvic outlet

i.e. Inferior pelvic aperture

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6
Q

Identify this bone marking

What muscle attaches here?

A

Obturator foramen

Obturator internus

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7
Q

Identify this bone marking

A

sacrococcygeal notch

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8
Q

Name this structure

A

Pubis

*Bottom third of the acetabulum helps mark where pubis begins

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9
Q

Identify these 2 regions

A

Superior and inferior pubic ramus

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10
Q

Roughly trace out the outlines of the superior and inferior pubic ramus

A
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11
Q

Name this bone marking

A

Crest of the pubic bone

Crest: A raised or prominent part of the edge of a bone. Crests are often the sites where connective tissue attaches muscle to bone.

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12
Q

Roughly trace the crest of the pubic bone

A
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13
Q

Name this region

A

Body of the pubis

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14
Q

Roughly trace the body of the pubic bone

A
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15
Q

Name this bone marking

A

Iliac fossa

Fossa: A shallow depression in the bone surface.

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16
Q

Roughly trace the fossa of the ilium.

Also, state if this is a male or female pelvis.

A

Male pelvis

Ways to distinguish:

Female:
- Bones are lighter and thinner.
- Pelvic inlet shape: round/oval
- Lesser pelvic cavity is shorter and wider.
- Subpubic angle: greater in females (>80*)
- Pelvic outlet rounded & larger.
- Sacrum: wider, shorter, less curved.

Male:
- Bones thicker & heavier.
- Pelvic inlet heart-shaped.
- Lesser pelvic cavity is longer & narrower.
- Subpubic angle: less than 70*
- Pelvic outlet: smaller

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17
Q

Name this region

A

Auricular (articular) surface of the ilium

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18
Q

Identify the auricular (articular) surface of the ilium

Identify if this is a male or female pelvis

A

Female pelvis

Ways to distinguish:

Female:
- Bones are lighter and thinner.
- Pelvic inlet shape: round/oval
- Lesser pelvic cavity is shorter and wider.
- Subpubic angle: greater in females (>80*)
- Pelvic outlet rounded & larger.
- Sacrum: wider, shorter, less curved.

Male:
- Bones thicker & heavier.
- Pelvic inlet heart-shaped.
- Lesser pelvic cavity is longer & narrower.
- Subpubic angle: less than 70*
- Pelvic outlet: smaller

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19
Q

Roughly trace the location of the ala of the ilium

A

Ala = “wing”

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20
Q

What is this bone marking?

A

Greater sciatic notch (lateral view)

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21
Q

What is this bone marking?

A

Iliac crest (anterior view)

Crest: A raised or prominent part of the edge of a bone. Crests are often the sites where connective tissue attaches muscle to bone

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22
Q

What is this region?

A

Ala of the ilium

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23
Q

Roughly trace the iliac crest

A

Crest: A raised or prominent part of the edge of a bone. Crests are often the sites where connective tissue attaches muscle to bone

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24
Q

What is this region?

A

Body of the ilium

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25
Q

Roughly trace the body of the ilium

A
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26
Q

What is this bone marking?

A

Lesser sciatic notch

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27
Q

What is this?

A

Pubic symphysis (posterior view)

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28
Q

What is this?

A

Acetabulum (lateral view)

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29
Q

What region is this?

A

Body of the ischium

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30
Q

Roughly trace the body of the ischium

A
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31
Q

What region is this?

A

Ramus of ischium

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32
Q

What region is this?

A

Ramus of ischium

33
Q

Roughly trace the ramus of the ischium

A
34
Q

Name this region

A

Ischial spine

35
Q

Roughly trace the spine of the ischium

A
36
Q

Name this bone marking

A

Ischial tuberosity

Tuberosity: a rounded prominence especially : a large prominence on a bone usually serving for the attachment of muscles or ligaments.

37
Q

Roughly trace the location of the ischium

A
38
Q

Identify this structure

A

sacrum

39
Q

Name this region

A

base of the sacrum

40
Q

Name this region

A

Median sacral crest

41
Q

Name this region

A

Intermediate sacral crest

41
Q

Name this region

A

Intermediate sacral crest

42
Q

Name this region

A

Lateral sacral crest

43
Q

Name this bone marking

A

Sacral foramina

44
Q

Name this region

A

Apex of the sacrum

45
Q

Name this structure

A

Coccyx

46
Q

Name this structure

A

Coccyx

47
Q

Name this region

A

Base of coccyx

48
Q

Name this region

A

apex of the coccyx

49
Q

Name this structure

A

Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament (deep portion)

50
Q

Name this structure

A

Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament (superficial portion)

51
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect?
  • What is its function?
A

Inguinal ligament

Attachment points:
- anterior superior iliac spine of the ilium
- pubic tubercle on the pubic bone.

Function:
- Attach external oblique muscle to the pelvis

51
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect?
  • What is its function?
A

Inguinal ligament

Attachment points:
- anterior superior iliac spine of the ilium
- pubic tubercle on the pubic bone.

Function:
- Attach external oblique muscle to the pelvis

52
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect? (origin/insertion)
  • What is its function?
A

Sacrospinous ligament

Attachment points:
- Origin: border of lower sacral and upper coccygeal segments (anterior to sacrotuberous ligament)
- Insertion: ischial spine

Function:
- Provide stability to the pelvis: prevents rotation of the illum past the sacrum

53
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect? (origin/insertion)
  • What is its function?
A

Sacrotuberous ligament

Attachment points:
- Proximal attachments: Posterior ilium, lateral sacrum and coccyx
- Distal attachment: Ischial tuberosity

Function:
- provide stabilization of the sacroiliac joint
- strengthen connection between bony pelvis and vertebral column

54
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect? (origin/insertion)
  • What is its function?
A

iliolumbar ligament

Origin: transverse processes of the L4 & L5 vertebrae
Insertion: iliac tuberosity and iliac crest

Function: stabilizes lumbosacral joint

55
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect? (origin/insertion)
  • What is its function?
A

Anterior sacro-iliac ligament

Attachments:
- ala of ilium
- pelvic surface of the sacrum

Function: stabilize the sacroiliac joint

56
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect? (origin/insertion)
A

Posterior sacro-iliac ligament

3 bands:
- interosseous sacroiliac ligament: tuberosities of the sacrum and ilium

  • short posterior sacroiliac ligament:
    ◘ origin at 1st and 2nd transverse tubercles of the sacrum
    ◘ insert: tuberosity of the ilium
  • Long posterior sacroiliac ligament:
    ◘ posterior iliac spine to the 3rd and 4th transverse tubercles of the sacrum
57
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect? (origin/insertion)
  • What is its function?
A

superior pubic ligament

attachment: superior aspect of the symphysis –> pubic tubercles

Function: strengthen interpubic joint

58
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect? (origin/insertion)
  • What is its function?
A

inferior pubic ligament

attachment: inferior aspect of symphysis

Function: strengthen interpubic joint

59
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect? (origin/insertion)
  • What is its function?
A

anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

attachments: anterior surface of sacrum to anterior surface of apex of coccyx

function: stabilize sacrococcygeal joint

60
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect? (origin/insertion)
  • What is its function?
A

Superficial Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

attachments: margin of sacral hiatus –> dorsal surface of coccyx

Function: stabilize sacrococcygeal joint

61
Q
  • Name this structure
  • What does it connect? (origin/insertion)
  • What is its function?
A

deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

attachments: dorsal surface of 5th sacral segment –> dorsal surface of coccyx

function: stabilize sacrococcygeal joint

62
Q
  • Name this muscle
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
A

Obturator internus

  • Origin: ischial pubic ramus
  • Insertion: medial surface of the greater trochanter of femur

Function:
- external rotation of thigh at the hip joint
- abduction of the flexed thigh at the hip joint
- Stabilize hip joint by keeping the head of the femur within the acetabulum

Fan shaped

63
Q
  • Name this muscle
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
  • Innervation
  • Blood supply
A

Piriformis muscle (posterior view)

Origins:
- anterior surface of sacrum (between S2 and S4)
- Gluteal surface of ilium (near posterior inferior iliac spine)
- Sacrotuberous ligament

Insertion:
- apex of the greater trochanter of the femur

Function:
- external rotation of thigh
- abduction (from flexed hip) of the thigh
- Stabilize head of femur in acetabulum

Innervation: nerve to piriformis (S1-S2)

Blood supply:
- superior gluteal artery
- inferior gluteal artery
- gemellar branches of the internal pundendal

64
Q
  • Name this muscle
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
  • Innervation
  • Blood supply
A

Levator ani muscle (3 muscles)
◘ puborectalis
◘ pubococcygeus
◘ iliococcygeus

Origin
◘ Puborectalis: posterior surface of body of pubic bone
◘ Pubococcygeus: posterior surface of body of pubic bone
◘ iliococcygeus: tendinous arch of internal obturator fascia + ischial spine

Insertion:
◘ Puborectalis: None (forms ‘puborectal sling’ posterior to rectum)
◘ Pubococcygeus: Anococcygeal ligament, Coccyx, Perineal body and musculature of prostate/ vagina
◘ Iliococcygeus: Anococcygeal ligament, Coccyx

Function:
- Stabilize abdominal cavity and pelvic organs

Innervation:
- Nerve to levator ani (S4); - — Pubococcygeus also receives branches via inferior rectal/ perineal branches of Pudendal nerve (S2- S4)

64
Q
  • Name this muscle
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
  • Innervation
  • Blood supply
A

Levator ani muscle (3 muscles)
◘ puborectalis
◘ pubococcygeus
◘ iliococcygeus

Origin
◘ Puborectalis: posterior surface of body of pubic bone
◘ Pubococcygeus: posterior surface of body of pubic bone
◘ iliococcygeus: tendinous arch of internal obturator fascia + ischial spine

Insertion:
◘ Puborectalis: None (forms ‘puborectal sling’ posterior to rectum)
◘ Pubococcygeus: Anococcygeal ligament, Coccyx, Perineal body and musculature of prostate/ vagina
◘ Iliococcygeus: Anococcygeal ligament, Coccyx

Function:
- Stabilize abdominal cavity and pelvic organs

Innervation:
- Nerve to levator ani (S4);
- Pubococcygeus also receives branches via inferior rectal/ perineal branches of Pudendal nerve (S2- S4)

Blood supply:
- Inferior gluteal artery
- inferior vesical artery
- pudendal artery

65
Q
  • Name this muscle
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
  • Innervation
  • Blood supply
A

Coccygeus muscle

Origin: ischial spine

Insertion: inferior end of sacrum and coccyx

Function:
- supports pelvic viscera
- flexes the coccyx

Innervation: anterior rami of spinal nerves S4 & S5

Blood supply:
- Inferior vesical artery
- inferior gluteal artery
- pudendal artery

66
Q
  • Name this muscle
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
  • Innervation
  • Blood supply
A

External oblique muscle
◘ most superficial (lies superficial to the internal oblique muscle and the transverse abdominis muscles)

Origin: external surfaces of ribs 5-12

Insertion:
- linea alba (connective tissue)
- pubic tubercle
- anterior half of iliac crest

Function:
- trunk flexion
- Expiration
- compresses abdominal viscera
- trunk lateral flexion (ipsilateral)
- trunk rotation (contralateral)

Innervation:
- Motor nerves:
◘ intercostal nerves T7-T11
◘ Subcostal nerve (T12)
- Sensory nerve: iliohypogastric nerve (L1)

Blood supply:
- Lower posterior intercostal arteries
- subcostal artery
deep circumflex iliac artery

67
Q
  • Name this muscle
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
  • Innervation
  • Blood supply
A

Internal oblique muscle:
- Lies deep to external oblique muscle
- Lies superficial to the transverse abdominis muscle

Origin:
- anterior two-thirds of iliac crest
- iliopectineal arch
- thoracolumbar fascia

Insertion:
- inferior borders of ribs 10-12
- linea alba (connective tissue)
- pubic crest
- pectin pubis

Function:
- Bilateral contraction - Trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration
- Unilateral contraction - Trunk lateral flexion (ipsilateral), trunk rotation (ipsilateral)

Innervation:
- Intercostal nerves (T7-T11)
- Subcostal Nerve (T12)
- iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
- ilioinguinal nerve (L1)

Blood supply:
- lower posterior intercostal artery
- subcostal artery
- superior epigastric artery
- inferior epigastric artery
- superficial circumflex artery
- deep circumflex artery
- posterior lumbar artery

68
Q
  • Name this muscle
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
  • Innervation
  • Blood supply
A

Transverse abdominis

Origin:
- Internal surface of costal cartilages of ribs 7-12
- thoracolumbar fascia
- anterior two thirds of iliac crest
- iliopectineal arch

Insertion:
- linea alba (connective tissue)
- aponeurosis of internal abdominal oblique muscle
- pubic crest
- pectinal line of pubis

Function:
- Bilateral contraction - Compresses abdominal viscera, expiration
- Unilateral contraction - Trunk rotation (ipsilateral)

Innervation:
- Intercostal nerves (T7-T11)
- subcostal nerve (T12)
- iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
- ilioinguinal nerve (L1)

Blood supply:
- Lower posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries
- superior and inferior epigastric arteries
- superficial and deep circumflex arteries
- posterior lumbar arteries

69
Q
  • Name this muscle
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
  • Innervation
  • Blood supply
A

Rectus abdominis

Origin:
- pubic symphysis
- pubic crest

Insertion:
- Xiphoid process
- Costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

Function:
- Trunk flexion
- compresses abdominal viscera
- expiration

Innervation:
- Intercostal nerves (T7-T11)
- subcostal nerve (T12)

Blood supply:
- Inferior epigastric and superior epigastric arteries
- contributions from posterior intercostal
- subcostal and deep circumflex arteries

70
Q
  • Name this muscle
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
  • Innervation
  • Blood supply
A

Diaphragm

Origin:
- Sternal part: Posterior aspect of xiphoid process
- Costal part: Internal surfaces of lower costal cartilages and ribs 7-12
- Lumbar part: Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments (lumbocostal arches), bodies of vertebrae L1-L3 (+intervertebral discs), anterior longitudinal ligament

Insertion: Central tendon of diaphragm

Function:
- Depress the costal cartilages
- Breathing

Innervation:
- Phrenic nerves (C3-C5) (sensory innervation of peripheries via 6th-11th intercostal nerves)

Blood supply:
- Subcostal and lowest 5 intercostal arteries
- inferior phrenic arteries
- superior phrenic arteries

71
Q
  • Name this nerve
  • its origin
  • what it innervates
  • its branches
A

Iliohypogastric nerve

Origin: Lumbar plexus (L1)

Innervation:
- Motor:
◘ Transverse abdominis
◘ internal oblique
◘ conjoint tendon.
Sensory:
◘ External oblique
◘ internal oblique
◘ transverse abdominis
◘ Skin of the suprapubic region and posterolateral aspect of gluteal region.

Branches: it splits into 2 branches as it passes between the transverse abdominis and internal oblique:
- lateral cutaneous branch
- anterior cutaneous branch

72
Q
  • Name this nerve
  • its origin
  • what it innervates
  • its branches
A

ilio-inguinal nerve

origin: lumbar plexus (inferior branch of anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1)

Supply:
- Motor:
◘ Internal oblique muscle
◘ transversus abdominis muscle
- Sensory: Skin of proximal medial thigh, mons pubis, labium majus and root of the clitoris; anterior scrotum and root of the penis

Branches:
- Anterior labial nerves
- anterior scrotal nerves

73
Q

Define the boundaries of the greater (false) pelvis

A

Location:
- superior to the pelvic inlet
- contains distal part of the intestines

Borders:
- Lateral border: ala of the ilium
- posterior border:
◘ 4th & 5th lumbar vertebrae
◘ base of sacrum
- Anterior border:
◘ inferior part of the anterior abdominal wall

74
Q

Define the boundaries of the lesser (true) pelvis

A

Location:
- between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet
- contains the internal genitalia, perineum, and distal organs of the urinary tract

Borders:
- Lateral: ilioischial complex
- Posterior: sacrococcygeal complex
- Anteroinferior:
◘ Pubic bones
◘ Pubic symphysis

75
Q

Abdomen:
- Name its boundaries
- Name its contents

A

Boundaries: anterolateral and posterior abdominal walls, diaphragm, pelvic inlet

Contents: stomach, small intestine, large intestine, vermiform appendix, pancreas, spleen, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands