Unit 9 (1900-Present) World War II Flashcards
Holocaust
Destruction or slaughter on a mass scale
Genocide
Deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group
Nuremberg Laws
Legislation passed by Nazi gov in 1935 to strip legal and civil rights form German Jews
-No marrying non-Jews
-Not a citizen of Germany
-Can’t work in fields like medicine and law (“overrepresented”)
-Can’t publish anythnkng
-Can’t work for German gov
-Can’t be a teacher
-Boycotting Jewish businesses
-Wearing Jewish star
Kristallnacht
-Pogroms on Nov 9+10, 1938 by German people and gov against Jews in Germany
-Started vc of German Jew Herschel Grynszpan who shot a German diplomat after his Jewish parents were exiled by the gov (used as an excuse to persecute Jews)
-Called “night of broken glass” bc of the breaking of store front windows of jewish homes and businesses
-Thousands of Jewish synagogues, homes, and businesses destroyed, hundreds beaten and killed, some round up for the first work camps
-Famous Jewish ppl like Einstein could escape, but most lacked this opportunity
Einsgruppen
-Small elite group of Nazi SS soldiers
-Sent by German gov on horseback to round up and kill Jews in captured towns
Ghettos
-Replaced the Einsgruppen stuff as a more organized effort to separate jews
-Holding areas for before going to concentration camps
-Located in major cities, lots in Poland
-Man died of starvation, disease, and exposure
-Up to 15 in an apartment, starved to death (only allowed to buy bread, potatoes, and fat), withheld heating fuel from them
-German gov encouraged ppl to build factories near them to use Jews for free labor
Wannsee Conference
-1942 meeting to discuss the “Jewish Question”
-Came up with the “Final Solution” - German gov would kill the millions of Jews in current and future captivity
-First time a gov would commit itself and its resources to murdering an entire group of people
-In the following months, Nazis herded millions of Jews from ghettos to death camps
Auschwitz
-Where 25% of all victims of the camps went
-In Poland
-Said “Arbeit Macht Frei” (work will make you free) above the gate
-Built in 1940, originally a camp for Russian and Polish political prisoners
Three main camps:
Auschwitz I: SS barracks and medical experiments
Auschwitz II: Killing center (960,000 Jews)
Auschwitz III: Labor camp/factory that made fuel and chemicals
-Able bodied men spared to work, rest killed with Zyklon B gas and burned in crematorium
-Other camps didn’t do any work, just killed people (eg Treblink and Sobibor)
-6 mil Jews and 4-6 mil non Jews killed in Holocaust
Joseph Mengele
-Medical experiments at Auschwitz
-Ordered children to be thrown into fire, dissection of live infants, castration of boys and men with no anesthetic, administering high-voltage electric shocks to women, sterilized Polish nuns with X-ray machine
-Selected those he felt were unfit for work, killed them through injections, firing squad, or prussic acid
-78 indictments after the war
Liberation of the concentration camps
-Many died even after Allied troops and relief workers came with food and medical supplies (eg at Bergen Belsen, 28,000 out of 60,000 died in the weeks after)
-Some Allied soldiers attacked remaining Nazi guards or allowed prisoners to do so
-American General George Patton made 2,000 troops from a town near Buchenwald camp come to see what happened in their back yard, some forced to bury the dead
Nuremberg Trials
-International tribunal met in 1946 to put 22 leaders on trial for crimes against humanity
-Some like Hitler, Heinrich Himmler (SS chief), and Joseph Goebbels (Propaganda minister) committed suicide to avoid capture
-Others, like Hermann Goring (head of air force) and Rudolf Hess (deputy fuhrer) faced trial
-Of 22 defendants, 12 sentenced to death (hanged in 1946, cremated at Dachau concentration camp)
-Only Hans Frank showed remorse during trial
Oscar Schindler
-Entrepreneur and salesman from Austria Hungary who joined the Nazi party to make money from free Jewish labor provided by the state (factory in Krakow)
-Saw his workers as humans, so decided to use his money and connections to save as many of his laborers as possible from concentration camps (1200)
-Had to hide from allies to avoid trial (war profiteer)
—Jews he had protected wrote to the allies and told them he saved them
-Did’n’t have money bc of failed businesses and alcohol problems, mainly lived off money from Jewish families he saved
-Nation of Israel gave him the title “Righteous Among the Nations”
Tension before WWII ended
-US was mad that Stalin had signed a nonaggression pact with Germany in 1939
-Stalin blamed the Allies for not invading German occupied Europe earlier than 1944
Yalta Conference
-Meeting between Churchill, FDR, and Stalin at the Soviet Black Sea resort of Yalta before the war ended
-They agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by Allied military forces and agreed to make Germany pay the Soviet Union to compensate them for loss of life and property
-Stalin agreed to join the war against Japan and promised that Eastern Europeans would have free elections
United Nations
-US and Soviet Union joined with 48 other countries in this in 1945
-Meant to protect its members from aggression
-11 member Security Council had the real power
—-Britain, China, France, US, and Soviet Union were permanent members
—-Each could veto any security council action
Difference in US and Soviet Union after WWII
-Us had suffered 400,000 deaths but its cities remained intact
-Soviet Union had 50x the fatalities (1 in 4 were wounded/killed) and many cities demolished
What was the Soviet Union’s main goal after WWII?
-Shield itself from western invasions bc it had fallen victim to its neighbors many times before (Poland, Sweden, France, Germany)
Stalin ignores Yalta agreement
-Stalin installed/secured communist go vs in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, and Yugoslavia
-This was to create a buffer on the western border of Russia
Meeting at Potsdam
-Truman (FDR’s successor), Stalin, and Churchill met in July 1945
-Truman pressed Stalin to permit free elections
-Stalin refused and said capitalism and communism couldn’t exist in the same world
The Iron Curtain
-What Churchill called the division between democratic western Europe and communist eastern Europe
-Germany was also split in two
—Soviets controlled eastern Germany and eastern Berlin, called it the German Democratic Republic
—Western zone became the Federal Republic of Germany
Containment
-Truman’s policy to block Soviet influence and stop the expansion of communism
-Policies included forming alliances and helping weak countries resist the soviets
Truman Doctrine
-Truman’s support for countries that rejected communism
-Caused controversy bc some said America shouldn’t interfere with other nations and others said US couldn’t afford to carry on a global crusade against communism
-Despite this, Congress authorized over $400 mil in aid to Turkey and Greece
Marshall Plan
-Western Europe lay in ruins and there was economic turmoil (scarcity of jobs and food)
-US secretary of state George Marshall proposed that the US give aid to Europe in 1947
-Food, machinery, other materials
-After communists seized power in Czechoslovakia, Congress immediately approved the $12.5 billion program in 1948
Berlin Airlift
-France, Britain, and US withdrew their forces from Germany and made their occupation zones into one nation
-Soviet Union responded by holding West Berlin hostage
-The soviet Union cut off highway, water, and rail traffic into Western Berlin, hoping to make the allies surrender it
-Instead, US and British officials flew food and supplies into west Berlin for nearly 11 months
-In may 1949, the soviet Union finally lifted the blockade
Cold War
-These conflicts marked the start of the Cold War
-A cold war is a struggle over political differences without military action or war
-In 1949, they used spying, propaganda, diplomacy, and secret operations
-Much of the world allied with one side or the other
NATO
-North Atlantic Treaty Organization
-Ten western European nations joined with US and Canada to form this defensive military alliance in 1949
-An attack on any NATO member would be met with armed force by all member nations
Warsaw Pact
-After seeing NATO, this formed in 1955
-Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania
-India and China (although China was communist) joined neither this nor NATO
Nuclear weapons
-US already had atomic bombs, so Soviet Union made their own in 1949
-Truman authorized work on the H-bomb (hydrogen) in 1950, which was thousands of times more powerful than atomic.
—They tested their first in 1952, then soviets did the same in 1953
Brinkmanship
-When Eisenhower became president in 1953, he appointed anti-communist John Foster Dulles who threatened retaliation if the soviet union/supporters attacked US interests
-This policy was the willingness to go to the brink of war
-It required a reliable source of nuclear weapons and airplanes, so both the US and Soviet Union began to build up their forces, starting a four decade long arms race
Beginnings of space/tech race
-Soviets announced their development of the ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) and Sputnik (unmanned satellite in space) in 1957
-Americans felt that they had fallen behind in science and tech so the gov poured money into education and launched their own satellite
U-2 incident
-In 1955, Eisenhower proposed that the US and Soviet Union be able to fly over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks, but the Soviets said no
-In response, the CIA started sending U-2 planes to spy on Soviet territory
-One was shot down and the pilot captured (Francis Gary Powers), which heightened tensions
Korea split after WWII
-Split along the 38th parallel
-North was set up by Soviets, communist industrial area
-South was set up by Americans, rural area supported by western powers
What prompted western involvement in Korea?
-Soviets gave North Korea tanks, planes, and money to help then take the whole peninsula
-North Koreans attacked South Korea in 1950, prompting Truman to adhere to his containment policy
-UN also sent international force to Korea (couldn’t be vetoed by Soviets bc they had refused to vote on a previous thing)
-15 countries, including US and Britain went to Korea under General Douglas MacArthur
Fighting under MacArthur
-Launched an attack in 1950 from the south in Pusan and more north in Inchon, causing half of North Koreans to surrender and the rest to retreat
-UN troops went after those retreating, pushing them almost to the Yalu River at the Chinese border
China gets involved in Korea
-Felt threatened bc of presence of US troops, so sent 300,000 of their own troops into North Korea
-Outnumber the UN troops, so they pushed then and South Korean troops out of N Korea
-They then moved into S Korea and captured Seoul
MacArthur removed
-Called for a nuclear attack on China after they captured Seoul
-Truman said this was reckless, MacArthur tried to go over his head and do it with Congress
-Truman removed him for this
End of war in Korea
-UN drove Chinese and N Koreans back
-By 1952, they regained control of S Korea
-In 1953, UN forces and N Korea signed a cease fire agreement, settling a border near the 38th parallel to divide the two Koreas
—Meaning nothing changed but 4 mil people died for the war)
North Korea after the war
-Communist dictator Kim Il Sung established collective farms ,developed heavy industry, and built up the military
-His son Kim Jong Il took power next and developed nuclear weapons, but had serious economic problems
South Korea after the war
-Prospered due to aid form the US and other countries
-In the 1960s, S Korea focused on developing industry and expanding foreign trade
-A succession of dictatorships ruled the country until 1987 when they adopted a democratic constitution and free elections
-During the 1980s and 1990s, S Korea had one of the highest economic growth rates in the world
-US still has troops there today
Early conflict in Vietnam
-France controlled most of SE Asia (French Indochina=Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
-Ho Chi Minh (Vietnamese nationalist) turned to communists for help, so in the 1930s, his Indochinese communist party led revolts and strikes against the French
-French responded by jailing protestors and sentencing Ho to death (he fled but returned in 1941 after Japan seized Vietnam in WWII)
-Founded the Vietminh (Independence) League
-When Japan was forced out of Vietnam in 1945, Ho believed they would be independent, but France wanted them back
Fighting with the French
-Vietnamese Nationalists and Communists joined the fight against the French armies
-France held major cities, but Vietminh had support in countryside and used hit and run tactics to keep French confined to cities
-French withdrew from the fight after a bad defeat in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu, no longer believing the fight was worth it
Domino Theory
-US was worried about Vietnam after France was defeated
-Eisenhower’s theory that if one SE Asian country fell to communism, more and more would
-Justification for much of US foreign policy in Cold War and specifically in Vietnam
Vietnam divided up
-After France defeated, an international peace conference in Geneva divided Vietnam at the 17 degree north latitude line
-North of the line, Ho Chi Minh’s communist forces goverened
-South of it, US and France set up an anti-Communist gov under Ngo Dinh Diem
Ngo Dinh Diem
-Southern Vietnamese leader
-Ruled as a dictator, opposition grew
-Communist guerrillas called Vietcong hated him and gained control of large land areas
-Group of South Vietnamese generals had him assassinated, but they weren’t popular either, so Vietcong takeover seemed inevitable
US really gets involved in Vietnam
-Pres Lyndon Johnson told Congress that N Vietnamese boats attacked 2 US destroyers oin the Gulf of Tonkin, so they authorized him to send US troops to Vietnam
—Over 500,000 US soldiers by 1968
-Although US was best equipped army in the world, they faced difficulties bc they were fighting a guerrilla war in an unfamiliar jungle terrain
—Also difficulties in the fact that the S. Vietnamese gov that they were defending were becoming more unpopular, Vietcong gained support (Ho Chi Minh, Soviets, China) instead
-US couldn’t win decisively on land, so they bombed millions of acres of farmland and forest, only furthering S. Vietnamese gov’s unpopularity with the peasants
US withdraws from Vietnam
-War becomes more unpopular in 1960s (youth protests)
-Nixon started withdrawing in 1969 with his plan of Vietnamization (US troops pulling out while S. Vietnamese increased their combat role)
-Authorized a massive bombing campaign against N Vietnamese bases and supply routes as well as in Laos and Cambodia to destroy Vietcong hiding places
-Last US troops left in 1973, in 1975 the N Vietnamese overran S. Vietnam, eding the war
—1.5 Vietnamese and 58,000 US soldiers died
Cambodia after the War
-In 1975, Communist rebels called the Khmer Rouge set up a communist gov under the leadership of Pol Pot
—Pol Pot killed 2 mil (almost 25% of pop) to try to make Cambodia a communist society
-Vietnamese invaded in 1978, overthrew the Khmer Rouge and installed a less repressive gov
—Fighting continued and they pulled out in 1989
-In 1993, under UN supervision, Cambodia adopted a democratic constitution and held free elections
Vietnam after the war
-After 1975, N Vietnamese tightly controlled the south : sending thousands to “reeducation camps” to be trained in Communist thought, nationalized industries and strictly controlled businesses
-Renamed Saigon (south’s former capital) to Ho Chi Minh city
-Communist oppression caused 1.5 mil to flee, many escaping on dangerously crowded boats
—Over 200,000 died at sea, survivors went to refugee camps in SE Asia, 70,000 came to US and Canada
-Communists still govern Vietnam, but they welcome foreign investment and the SU normalized relations with them in 1995
Military Industrial Complex
-Eisenhower built up arms with increased gov spending in the 1950s, led to the arms race
-Despite this, they were reluctant to get into direct military conflict with the Soviets
Suez Crisis
-Began when Israel (supported by Britain) seized the Suez Canal from Egypt (supported by Soviets)
-The Eisenhower administration made Israel give it back to Egypt to stay out of conflict with the Soviets
Imperialism and Nationalism in Cold War
-Communists said imperialism was an evil of capitalism, so they gave support to communist groups and guerrilla armies in former imperialized areas
-Nationalism was important in cold war because nations tried to gain autonomy from stronger nations
Cuba in the 1950s
-90 miles off the coast of Florida
-Ruled for many years by the Batista family
-1950s leader was Fulgencio Batista, who was friendly with American planters and bussinessmen
—He received weapons from US in exchange for American business influence in Cuba
-Italian American Mafia ran gambling and prostitution in Cuba, became an American vacation spot
-Large gap between rich and poor (most were poor peasants, while a small ruling class owned most land and businesses and were connected to Batista)
Fidel Castro’s rise
-Cuban law student who became the leader of a Cuban Communist party supported by Soviets and other communists in Latin America
-In 1953, led communist guerrillas in storming the Moncada Barracks (military barracks in Cuba)
—-This failed, some killed, Castro put on trial
-Batista exiled him to Mexico to not make him a martyr
-Met up with Ernesto Che Guevara in Mexico
Che Guevara
-Argentinian doctor and communist revolutionary who joined with Castro in Mexico
-Grew up middle class, went to medical school
-Went on a motorcycle trip and helped give poor people medical care, opened his eyes to poverty
-Joined the Communist party, dedicated his life to the revolution
Castro takes over Cuba
-Castro and Guevara went back to Cuba to raise an army (support from peasants and soviets)
-In 1959, Castro took the capital Havana, causing Batista to flee the country and Castro to declare Cuba a Communist Republic
-Agrarian Reform Act (land above 1000 acres seized by the state, angered US land holders)
-Western businesses and land seized by state
-Batista supporters jailed and killed
-Communist bureaucracy based on Soviets’s set up
-Many middle class Cubans fled to Florida (Miami)
-Guevara leaves to spread revolution in L. America
—With him gone, Castro becomes dictator of Communist Cuba until his death in 2016
Early US-Cuba relations
-US passed trade embargo on Cuba in 1960 (no consumer goods traded)
-USSR gave Castro funding and weapons in exchange for putting nuclear missile sites there bc so close to US
Bay of Pigs Invasion
-JFK had the CIA train Cuban exiles for this surprise assault on Cuba that was supposed to push Castro out of power
-Spies told Castro about this, so he had his soldiers waiting on the beach
-Huge embarrassment for the US
Cuban Missile Crisis
-1962 JFK sees U2 spy plane photos of nuclear missile sites in Cuba. Tells American public, Castro, and Soviet leader Nikita Kruschev that these were a threat of war to the US
-US puts up a naval blockade around Cuba and Americans fear a nuclear attack (stores and schools closed, etc)
-13 days of negotiations
-US didn’t want to invade, fearing nuclear war
-Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy told JFK to only respond to the telegrams willing to negotiate, this tactic worked
-Kruschev agreed to take nuclear missiles out of Cuba if the US took theirs out of Turkey
Satellite Nations
-Communist Eastern European countries
-After Stalin died, Soviet Union wanted to continue their dominance of them
Imre Nagy
-Hungarian politician and Communist reformer
-In 1956, led a revolt because he wanted more power over his country and tried to pass reforms without Soviet approval
-Soviets responded by sending tanks and army to put down protests in Budapest
-Thousands of protesters killed, Nagy arrested and killed in Soviet prison
Alexander Dubcek
-Reformer in Communist Czechoslobakia
-Wanted to make more democratic reforms to the communist gov
-Numerous protests in support of him in 1968 (movement called Prague Spring)
-Soviets brought in tanks and armies, removed Dubcek from power, installed Czechoslovakian communists loyal to Moscow
Detente
-8 year period of cooling of cold war tensions starting in 1972
-Started with the SALT I Treaty (Strategic arms limitation talks) which limited nuclear weapon productions for both countries
-Both signed the 1973 Helsinki Agreement (many nations committed to never using nuclear weapons)
-Did joint space missions to an international space station in orbit
Detente breaks down
-Ended with the breakdown of SALT II talks in in 1979 when USSR invaded Afghanistan to take control against Muslim groups who took control of the area
-Tensions continued to rose with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980
—He put pressure on Soviets by increasing gov spending on nuclear missile programs and other military projects
Non-Alignment Movement
-After end of Korean War (1953), many countries met at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia to discuss the problem of the world being divided between US/Capitalist and Soviet/Communist/Socialist
-Developing countries felt pressure to join one side, but wanted to stay out of it
-Called 3rd world countries because not in either world (US was 1st, USSR 2nd)
-Leaders were presidents Jawaharlal Nehru (India), Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), and Josef Tito (Yugoslavia) and 120 states eventually joined
-Many of these states wanted independence from colonial powers
-Still meet today, are anti nuclear weapons
Soviet Union pre Gorbachev
-Leonid Brezhnev and the Politburo (ruling committee of the Communist party) crushed all political disagreement
-Censorship, communist party restricted freedom of speech and religion
-When Brezhnev died in 1982, the leadership of the party was aging and each of his successors died after only a year in office
Mikhail Gorbachev
-Praised for his youth, energy, and political skills
-Politburo makes him the party’s new general secretary, signaling their support for mild reform
-54 when elected, youngest soviet leader since Stalin
-Only a child during the Great Purge, not tied to following Stalin
Glasnot
-Soviet Union had previous issues bc silence was rewarded
-Gorbachev thought economic and social reforms couldn’t happen without the free flow of ideas and info
-Glasnot means openness in 1985, encouraging citizens to discuss ways to improve society
-Gov allowed churches to open, released dissidents from prison, allowed more free publishing, reporters could investigate social problems and criticize gov officials
Perestroika
-Economic problems: people had to stand in long lines to buy food, soap, basics
-Gorbachev claimed those problems on inefficient central planning: party officials told farm and factory managers how much to. produce, what wages to pay, and what prices to change- ppl couldn’t make more money from producing more, so no motivation to be more efficient
-Perestroika introduced in 1985, means economic restructuring
-Changes to revive economy: local managers gained greater authority over their farms and factories, people could have small private businesses
-His goal wasn’t to get rid of communism, but to make the system more efficient and productive
Democratization
-Gorbachev knew that for the economy would thrive, communist party would have to loosen their grip on society and politics
-This policy was the gradual opening of the political system
-The plan called for the election of a new legislative body- many lesser known candidates and reformers chosen
—This happened bc votes could choose from a list of candidates for each office, not just approving communists picked ones (previous system)
Gorbachev’s new foreign policy
-Economy couldn’t sustain the arms race
-“new thinking” of diplomacy>force
-In 1987, him and Reagan signed the Intermediate range Nuclear Forces Treaty, which banned nuclear missiles with ranges of 300-3400 miles
-Gorbachev urged Eastern European leaders to open up their economic and political systems, but they resisted reforms
—He said the soviet union wouldn’t oppose reform, so more forces for democracy rose up in these countries
Reforms in Poland
-1978- archbishop John Paul II supported the anti-communist movement
-1980- workers at the Gdansk shipyard went on strike, demanding gov recognition of their union called Solidarity
-Millions supported them, gov gave in to their demands, union leader Lech Walesa became a national hero
-Banned Solidarity again and declared martial law
-Military gov didn’t fix the economy (production declined, foreign debt $40 billion, shortages, etc)
-1988- workers striked, demanding raises and legalization of Solidarity
-1989- Military leader General Jaruzelski legalized Solidarity and agreed to hold a free election
-In the election, Polish voters got rid of communists, replaced them with Solidarity candidates and Walesa was made president (communist regime overturned peacefully)
Reforms in Hungary
-Inspired by Poland, launched reform programs that encouraged private enterprise and small stock market, new constitution allowing multi party system and free parliamentary elections
-1989- radical reformers took over a Communist Party congress, deposed the party’s leaders and dissolved the party itself, replaced the gov with non-communists
-1994- socialist party (mainly former communists) won a majority of the parliament’s seats
—-Socialist and democratic parties formed a coalition to rule, improved economy by raising taxes and cutting back on gov services
Erich Honecker
-Conservative leader of East Germany
-Opposed reforms
-Hungary allowed vacationing East German tourists to cross the border into Austria (became an escape route to W. Germany)
-He closed E. Germany’s borders in response, leading to demonstrations where people demanded rights to travel freely and have free elections
-Tried to regain control by ordering police to break up a demonstration in Lepzig, police refused, Honecker lost all authority and resigned
Egon Krenz
-New E. German leader
-Boldly thought stability would come from opening the Berlin wall, did so in 1989
-People celebrated, thousands of East Germans went to West Germany
-Failed to save communism, resigned when corruption was revealed
-East German Communist Party went away in 1989
Germany Reunified
-Some were worried that a united Germnay would try to dominate Europe again
-W. German chancellor Helmut Kohl assured others that Germany had learned from the past and was now committed to democracy and human rights
-Officially reunited Oct 3 1989, 45 years after the defeat in WWII
Challenges United Germany faced
-E. Germany in ruins after Communist rule: railroads, highways, telephones not modern, many industries made low quality goods that wouldn’t compete in the global market
-Kohl had to raise taxes to pay for rebuilding, unemployment when inefficient factories closed
-Voters replaced Kohl in 1998 with Gerhard Scroeder of the Social Democratic party because of all this economic turmoil
-Germany was now central Europe’s largest country and had more global responsibility, but not a permanent member of he UN Security Council
Reforms in Czechoslovakia
-Memories over crackdown against reform in 1968 made Czechs cautious
-Conservative gov leader Milos Jakes resisted all change
-Police arrested dissidents in 1989, including famous playwright Vaclav Havel
-Protests in Wenceslas Square and throughout Prague (especially after Berlin Wall fell, thousands protested)
-Huge protest on Nov 24, 500,000 went
-Milos Jakes and whole politburo resigned, Vaclav Havel made new pres
Reforms in Romania
-Communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu used secret police to enforce orders and gave people a false idea of their prosperity and freedom (neither were true)
-Protest movement began, Ceausescu ordered the army to fire on demonstrators (massacre of timisoara)
-Started an uprising, the army joined the people and defeated the secret police and overthrew the ruler (captured and killed him on Christmas 1989)
-General elections held in 1990s, economic reforms (capitalist ideas)
Foreign policy LEQ
*choose containment
Context: post WWII, different goals for each major power, Truman, containment vs buffer zone
Evidence: Berlin Airlift, Marshall Plan, Korean War, and Vietnam War
Nationalism Eastern Europe
Context: post WWII, Potsdam and Yalta, buffer satellite countries
Evidence: Poland, reuniting Germany, Hungary, Romania
Nonviolence (Gahndi) LEQ
Extent to which changed power structure
Context: soldiers fought in WWI, expected reforms and freedoms, Rowlatt act and Amritsar massacre
Evidence: boycotts (textiles), salt march, eventually Gov of India Act (address limitations)
Hitler/Nazi Germany effects on Germany and Europe
Context: Great Depression, lack of faith in democracy, rise in fascism (eg Mussolini)
Political: takeover of Nazis in Germany, banned all other parties, made a totalitarian state
Economic: banned strikes, public works,
Social: conform to nazi ideology (book burnings, censorship, etc), children ( hitler youth)
Stalin rise and rule
Context: Lenin’s death, rose through communist ranks, general vibe of Russia (Lenin takeover, civil war, bolsheviks)
Political: old bolsheviks and other opponents killed in great purge, show trials, totalitarian state
Social: censorship, propaganda, religious people persecuted, new social benefits (education, healthcare, women)
Economic: five year plans, industrialization, collective farms
Cuba LEQ
Context: Batista, good relationship with US, gap between rich and poor, rise of Castro (started communist part there, USSR support)
-overthrow of Batista, makes it a communist republic
-agrarian reform act
-western businesses and land seized
-Cuban missile crisis and bay of pigs
Fall of satellite countries
Context: previous policy of being harsh on satellite countries (Hungary and Czechoslovakia), Gorbachev eases up
Poland:
-Pope John Paul II
-Solidarity and Lech Walesa
-Voted communists out in free election
East Germany:
-route to get to w Germany through Hungary
-Krenz opened the wall nov 9 1989
-reunified 1990
