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AP World > Unit 5 (1750-1900) Absolutism to the Englightenment > Flashcards

Unit 5 (1750-1900) Absolutism to the Englightenment Flashcards

1
Q

Omani Merchants

A

-From Oman (good location bc access to Red Sea and Indian Ocean
-Skilled navigators
-Trade posts in East Africa and India
-Became less influential with Cape of Good Hope route to India discovery
-Defeated Portugal to liberate East African places
-Partnered with France later

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2
Q

Audiencias

A

-High courts in Spanish American colonies
-Made sure local governing followed Spain’s rules
-Helped the Native Americans (sometimes) have legal power to seek justice

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3
Q

What did Charles V (Habsburg King) leave to people?

A

-His brother Ferdinand got Austria and the Holy Roman Empire
-His son Philip II got Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the Spanish American Colonies

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4
Q

Philip II

A

-Absolute monarch
-Took over Portugal and their territories (Africa, India, East Indies)
-Made money from Americas (claimed 1/4 of every shipload, eg silver from Potosi mines)
-Made money from royal patronage (nobles paying for a title)
-Built a 50,000 person army and the Spanish Armada
-Strong Catholic, defeats Ottomans at Lepanto
-Tries to defeat Protestant England in 1588 with Armada (fails)

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5
Q

Golden Age of Spanish art

A

15-1600s
-Because monarchs and nobles were rich enough to be patrons of the arts
-El Greco and Diego Velazques

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6
Q

El Greco

A

-Real name was Domenikos Theotokopoulos
-Born in Crete, but spent most of his life in Spain
-Painted unusual, distorted, human figures
-Showcased Spain’s Catholicism by portraying saints, martyrs, etc in his work

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7
Q

Diego Velazques

A

-Spanish painter
-Showed pride in Spain’s monarchy
-Court painter of Philip IV
-Painted court life and the royal family

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8
Q

Don Quixote

A

-Book by Miguel de Cervantes in 1605
-Birth of the modern European novel
-Poor Spanish nobleman, loved chivalry even though it is over (armor, knights, etc)
-Some said it mocked chivalry, some say is criticizes materialism, others say he is idealistic and longs for the romantic past

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9
Q

Spanish economic Problems

A

-Inflation caused by population growth (more demand -> higher prices) and so much silver bullion (value of silver decreased)
-Nobles didn’t pay taxes, burdened lower class, no middle class emerged
-Guilds kept prices of goods high (people had to buy foreign stuff)
-Borrowed money from other countries to finance wars

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10
Q

Revolt of Spanish Netherlands

A

-Caused by Philip raising taxes and trying to crush Protestantism
-Protestant mobs swept through Catholic churches in 1566, destroying religious paintings and statues
-Philip responded with an army sent under the Spanish Duke of Alva to punish them (1500 killed in a single day)

-William of Orange (Dutch prince) fights back, flooded Leidan thing
-United Provinces of the Netherlands created (northern provinces), the southern stayed Spanish+Catholic

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11
Q

United Provinces of the Netherlands

A

-Very different to other European states
-Religious tolerance practiced
-Republic instead of a kingdom, each province had an elected governor “stadtholder”
-Sort of an oligarchy (rule by the rich)
-Capitalist economy, joint-stock (VOC)
-Supply/demand, shipped grain/lumber to parts of Europe when in demand for high prices
-Bankers of Europe (not Italians anymore)

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12
Q

Dutch VOC

A

-Had largest fleet in the world (4800 in the 1600s)

-Settled South Africa (Boers, Cape Town)
-Traded in China (did kowtow) and Japan (exclusive traders there)
-Dutch East Indies, Spice Islands (Indonesia)
-New Amsterdam, Hudson River area, fur trade

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13
Q

Rembrandt van Rijn

A

-Greatest Dutch artist of the period
-Painted wealthy middle class merchants and group portraits
-Used contrasts of light and dark
-The Syndics, shows importance of middle class

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14
Q

Jan Vermeer

A

-Dutch artist in the 1600s
-Painted domestic, indoor settings
-Everyday things portrayed (reading letters, pouring water, etc)
-Painted Girl with a Pearl Earring

-Importance of middle class
-Shows things like maps, exploration, etc (reflects the time)

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15
Q

Absolutism

A

-Absolute monarchs have complete control over all aspects of society
-Divine right to rule (different than Mandate of Heaven, did not need to prove yourself. Unchecked power!!)

Eg. Philip II, Louis XIV, Peter the Great

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16
Q

Causes of Absolutism

A

-Decline in feudalism (nobles had limited monarchs’ power then)
-Growth of middle class (supported monarchs who kept peace, which helped businesses)
-Church authority broke down (Reformation)
-Monarchs got more power and wealth from colonies
-1600s chaos made people want an absolute ruler to keep peace and order

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17
Q

French Religious Wars

A

-8 religious wars, 1562-1598
-Catholics vs Huguenots (French Protestants)
-St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572), Huguenot nobles killed in 6 week slaughter
-Leads to Henry IV’s efforts to create religious peace

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18
Q

Henry IV

A

-Originally Henry of Navarre, survived St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
-First king of the Bourbon Dynasty
-Pleases Catholics (especially in Paris) by converting to Catholicism
-Pleases Huguenots by issuing the Edict of Nantes
-Rebuilt France, left monarchy in a stronger position, sets up absolute rule

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19
Q

Edict of Nantes (1598)

A

-Said Huguenots could live peacefully in France and have places of worship in some cities
-Promoted religious tolerance
-Issued by Henry IV

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20
Q

Cardinal Richelieu

A

-Essentially ruled when Louis XIII was king (he was very weak), started in 1624
-Machiavellian political figure
-Strengthen monarchy by moving against Huguenots (forbade Protestant cities from having walls)
-Also strengthened the monarchy by limiting the nobles’ power (made them take down fortified castles and increased power of middle class government agents)
-Thought France would have to limit Hapsburg (Austria, Netherlands, parts of Germany) power and entered the Thirty Years’ War on the Protestant side

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21
Q

Cardinal Mazarin

A

-Richelieu’s successor
-Ruled in place of Louis XIV when he was young
-Ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648, peace treaty (Westphalia) made France the most powerful country in Europe, Holy Roman Empire states given sovereignty, empires -> modern nation states)
-The Fronde

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22
Q

The Fronde

A

-Mazarin was hated by nobles because he raised taxes and strengthened the central gov
-Violent riots against him (and Louis) from 1648-1653
-This rebellions failed because its leaders distrusted one another, the gov used violent repression, and people grew tired of disorder (they’d rather have an absolute monarch)

-Leads Louis XIV to distrust the nobles from a young age, impacts his later rule

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23
Q

Louis XIV

A

-Absolute monarch
-Weakened nobility (power given to intendants, gov agents who collected taxes and administered justice)
-Cancelled Edict of Nantes (lots of Huguenots leave, bad for economy bc many were artisans)
-Lived a life of luxury (Versailles, dinners, etc)
-The Sun King (ballet, how he wanted to be seen)
-Patron of the arts (Moliere, opera, ballet)
-Expanded France (Netherlands)
-War of Spanish Succession

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24
Q

Versailles

A

-Huge display of royal wealth and power of Louis XIV
-Cost a lot of money to build
-Court rituals: nobles helped him dress in the morning, attend to him, etc
——This weakened their power, became dependent on him, kept them busy, etc

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25
Q

Jean Baptiste Colbert

A

-Louis’s minister of finance
-Believed in mercantilism so wanted to increase French manufacturing
-Gave gov funds and tax benefits to French Companies and put a high tariff of foreign goods
-Encouraged people to move to France’s colony in Canada (fur trade was profitable, created a new market, etc)

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26
Q

Why was France so strong in battle?

A

-Huge population (20 million in 1660)
-Better trained and armed army of 100,000 in peace and 400,000 in war

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27
Q

Louis XIV in the Netherlands

A

-Invaded Spanish Netherlands in 1667, gained 12 towns

-Invaded Dutch Netherlands in 1672, held off by them flooding the countryside
-Ended with Treaty of Nijimegen (gave France some towns and th Franche-Comte region)

28
Q

League of Augsburg

A

-Late 1680s
-Combined country power to equal France’s power
-Hapsburg emperor, kings of Sweden and Spain, other small states
-Dutch prince William of Orange became King of England in 1689 and joined too

29
Q

War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

A

-European countries (England, Austria, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and other German+Italian states) ally against Spain and France
-Fought because people were mad that France and Spain were both ruled by Bourbons (Louis XIV and his grandson Philip of Anjou)
-Ended with Treaty of Utrecht (1713), said thrones of France and Spain couldn’t be unified

30
Q

What did Britain gain from War of Spanish Succession?

A

-Gibraltar from Spain
-Asiento from Spain (given permission to send slaves to Spain’s American colonies)
-Nova Scotia and Newfoundland from France

31
Q

Positives and negatives of Louis XIV

A

Positives:
-Expanded France
-Promoted arts
-Centralized power, harnessed power

Negatives:
-High taxes to pay for wars and luxury
-People started resenting the royals (leads to revolution down the line)

32
Q

Ivan III

A

(1462-1505)
-Conquered territory around Moscow
-Freed Russia from the Mongols
-Centralized Russian gov
-Laid the foundation for the absolute monarchy that would come later

33
Q

Ivan the Terrible

A

-Ivan IV
-Ivan III’s grandson
-Got the throne at three years old 1533
-Boyars (land owning nobles) fought over control of him
-First czar (“caesar”), crowned himself at 16
-Married Anastasia (part of boyar Romanov family)

-Good period of winning battles, expanding etc

Then had a bad period after Anastasia’s death in 1560:
-Accused boyars of poisoning her
-Police force (dressed in black, black horses)
-Killed his son

34
Q

Time of Troubles

A

-Started when Ivan the Terrible’s son died without an heir
-Boyars fought for power
-Heirs mysteriously died
-Imposters tried to take the throne

35
Q

Romanov Dynasty

A

-In 1613, representatives met and chose the next czar
-Anastasia’s grandnephew, Michael Romanov was chosen
-Started the Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)
-Returned order to Russia (passed a law code, put down a revolt, strengthened gov control) after the Time of Troubles
-Sets up Russia for an absolute monarch

36
Q

Russian differences from Europe

A

-Serfdom lasted much longer (1800s) than in western Europe
-Eastern Orthodox Religion
-Mongols and geography cut them off from west, so didn’t experience Renaissance or Age of Exploration

37
Q

Peter the Great

A

-Absolute monarch
-Czar Peter I
-At first shared the throne with his brother, but became sole ruler in 1696
-Grand Embassy (traveled around western Europe, mainly after new military strategies, but cultures stuff too)
-Westernization policies

38
Q

Holy Synod

A

-Gave Peter control over the church (Eastern Orthodox)

39
Q

Peter’s reforms

A

-Holy Synod
-Increased serfdom, required service to the state
-Merit based jobs (people became very loyal to him from that)
-Modernized the army with European officers, tactics, and weapons
-Conscript army (draft)

-Potatoes introduced (become staple food), increase population
-Peter started Russia’s first newspaper
-Raised women’s status, had them attend social gatherings (very European eg. balls)
-Ordered nobles to dress in western clothes
-Made people shave their beard or pay a tax
-Navigation school, art school, science school, let people study in foreign countries

40
Q

Great Northern War

A

-Peter I fights Sweden for 21 years
-Gains access to land on the Neva River (access to Baltic Sea, and then western Europe)

41
Q

St. Petersburg

A

-Window to the West
-Built on the land from the Great Northern War
-Thousands of serfs forced to build the city (25,000-100,000 died from disease or bad conditions)
-Peter made many Russian nobles leave Moscow and move to the new capital

42
Q

Russia vs Tokugawa Shogunate

A

-Both Peter and Ieyasu centralized power, built new capitals, and led to prosperity
-Both societies modernize, go from a chaotic period to a calmer one, increase opportunities for women

-Big difference is that Tokugawa Japan isolates and focuses on their own culture while Russia opens up to western culture/influence

43
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

-Scientific method (observations, experiments)
-Challenging previous beliefs (blindly trusting the church/ancient Greek and Roman writings)

-Connected to Renaissance bc human potential, questioning things, etc

44
Q

SR Astronomers

A

-Copernicus (heliocentric theory, challenges Aristotle’s geocentric)

-Brahe (took data on planetary motion)

-Kepler (used Brahe’s data to come up with the laws of planetary motion)

45
Q

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

A

-Law of the pendulum (when he was 17), challenged Aristotle
-Different size stones fall at same speed (dropped off of Leaning Tower of Pisa)
-Built a telescope, started studying the heavens, “Starry messenger” newsletter thing

-Angered the Catholic+Protestant leaders, didn’t want people going against their authority
-Told him to denounce Capernicus’ theory, he didn’t, they called him to a trial before the Inquisition
-Forced to “confess” that Copernicus was wrong to avoid torture
-Lived under house arrest until death

46
Q

Scientific method

A

-Logical procedure for testing ideas
-Observation, question, hypothesis, test, analyze data, make conclusion

47
Q

Isaac Newton

A

-English scientist who brought all these ideas into a single theory of motion
-Universal law of gravitation (all objects on earth/elsewhere ruled by same forces, all objects attracted to each other)
-Published his ideas in 1687 in “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, became one of the most important scientific works

48
Q

Other SR people

A

-Zacharias Janssen (microscope)
-Fahrenheit and Celcius
-Vasalius and Harvey (anatomy)
-Edward Jenner (vaccine)
-Boyle (gas laws)
-Priestly and Lavoister (separated oxygen from air)

49
Q

Was the SR a revolution?

A

Yes:
-New ways of thinking
-Foundation for modern science

No:
-Very gradual (more of an evolution)
-Not a “new thing”, Muslims and ancient Greeks were also doing science stuff
-Not a big impact on average person (theoretical, not applied like engineering)

50
Q

The Enlightenment

A

-Happened after the Scientific Revolution because people wanted laws/logical reasoning for all parts of society, like politics/gov
-Peak in the mid 1700s

51
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Social contract

-All humans are selfish and wicked, so they needed a strong gov (absolute monarch) to keep order
-Needs to be a “social contract” that people give up their rights to a strong ruler for law and order
-Wrote “Leviathan” (1651) (named for a sea serpent with a lot of power)

52
Q

John Locke

A

Natural rights, consent of governed

-Believed all people to be good and reasonable and therefore have the ability to self govern (no absolute monarch needed)
-People are born with “natural rights” (life, liberty, property” and gov is to protect those. If gov doesn’t, people can overthrow them (inspires future revolutions)
-Gov’s power comes from the “consent of the governed”
-Wrote “Two Treatises of Government” which justified the overthrowing of James II in the Glorious Revolution

53
Q

Philosophes

A

-French Enlightenment thinkers
-They met up in Paris to discuss politics and society

54
Q

Voltaire

A

Freedom of speech and religion

-Pen name for Francois Marie Arouet
-Most influential philosophe, published over 70 books (politics, history, philosophy, fiction, drama)
-Used satire against his opponents, typically clergy, aristocracy, and government
-Angered the king, got exiled to England, realized England was better, so he mocked France
-Fought for tolerance, reason, and freedoms of speech and religion

55
Q

Montesquieu

A

-Seperation of powers, checks and balances

-Baron de Montesquieu was an artistocrat and lawyer who said the fall of Rome was due to a loss of political liberties
-Agreed with Voltaire that Britain had the best gov because of different roles: executive (king), legislative (Parliament), and judicial (English courts)
-“On the Spirit of Laws” talked about separation of powers, checks and balances, etc

56
Q

Jean Jaques Rousseau

A

-Passionate about individual freedoms
-Grew up poor, joined philosophe crowd in Paris, but didn’t fit in and disagreed with them
-Said civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness
-Only good government is formed freely by the people and guided by the will of society (direct democracy)
-Wrote a book called the “Social Contract” but different to Hobbes- this was an agreement among people to create a society and gov

57
Q

Cesare Bonnesana Beccaria

A

Criminal justice

-Italian philosophe who believed laws were for preserving social order, not avenging crimes
-Wrote “On Crimes and Punishments” (1764)
-Argued against torture, irregular trials, cruel and arbitrary punishments, capital punishment
-Said the degree of punishment should be based on the severity of the crime

58
Q

Philosophes and women

A

-Philosophes had traditional views on women
-Rousseau said women’s education should only be to make them good wives and mothers
-Mary Astell, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Emile du Chatelet argued against this

59
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

-Published “A vindication of the Rights of Women”
-Disagreed with Rousseau on women’s education, said they should be educated to make them useful and virtuous, even if they do become mothers
-Said women should be able to be doctors and work in politics

60
Q

Adam Smith

A

-Said that individuals acting in their own self interest creates economic progress

61
Q

England and Absolutism

A

-Didn’t adopt it
-More checks on the monarch’s power (magna carta, parliament, etc)

62
Q

Charles I

A

-English king
-Believed in absolute monarchy
-Ignored Parliament, but forced to sign Petition of Rights (limited monarchy’s power, gave people rights)

63
Q

English Civil War

A

Roundheads (Oliver Cromwell, Puritans, plain dressed) vs. Cavaliers (Charles I, wealthy Anglicans, lavish clothes)

-Roundheads win bc Cromwell was a great military leader and they had a strong religious bond
-Charles I was beheaded after it

64
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

-Became leader of English Commonwealth (monarchy was over) after the civil war
-Harsh ruler, strict Christian society

65
Q

The Restoration

A

-Return to Monarchy after Cromwell’s death
-Charles II rules, Habeas Corpus Act (appear in front of judge before sentencing)
-Charles’s brother James II is after him (Catholic, unpopular)

66
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

-James II exiled
-Protestants Mary and William of Orange become King+Queen
-Constitutional monarchy created, Bill of Rights

67
Q

Bill of Rights

A

-Limited monarchy’s power (taxes need permission from Parliament, freedom of speech in Parliament, ect)
-Gave more rights to male land owners

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