Unit 4 (1450-1700) Japan, China, Exploration, American Colonization, Africa Flashcards
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
-After Mongols
-Controlled vassal states who had to pay tribute
-Hongwu and Yonglo
-Zheng He Voyages
-Isolation
-Controlled Korea (but nationalism grew)
-Fell due to bad rulers, corruption, bankruptcy, rebellion (high taxes)
Hongwu
-Son of a peasant
-Drove out the Mongols in 1638
-First Ming Emperor
-Ruled from Nanjing (former Yuan capital in the south)
Reformed China to pre-Mongol state:
-Agricultural reforms: irrigation, fish farming, commercial crops
-Return to Confucian moral standards
-Reinstated civil service exam
-Later became a tyrant and had thousands of officials killed when he was suspicious of them
Yonglo
-Ming emperor
-Son of Hongwu
-Moved capital to Beijing, built a palace complex (Forbidden City)
-Curious about outside world, started the voyages
Zheng He
-Sent off by Yonglo on seven voyages
-Done to show splendor and increase tribute system participation (rather than just to explore)
-Scholar officials said they resources and they should be more isolationist so they were shut down
Ming isolation policies
Trade policy:
-Only government could conduct foreign trade through three coastal ports
-Not fully effective because merchants smuggled cargo to Europeans
Qing Dynasty (1644 -1912)
-Manchus (Manchuria, NE) came in and destroyed the Ming Dynasty
-Manchus originally hated for being a foreign oppressor, eventually assimilated to Chinese culture and it was fine
-Kangxi, Qian-long
-Isolation
Why did China not become highly industrialized?
-Merchants/commerce wasn’t respected under Confucianism
-Chinese economic policies favored agriculture (lower taxes)
Kangxi (1661-1722)
-Helped people accept Manchu rule during the Qing Dynasty
-Reduced government expenses and lowered taxes, appealed to the common people
-Appealed to Chinese intellectuals by being a patron of the arts and offering them gov. positions
-Welcomed Jesuits like Matteo Ricci to his court to hear about European developments (science, medicine, etc)
Qian-long (1736-1795)
-Kangxi’s grandson (Qing emperor)
-Expanded empire to greatest size and prosperity
-Would wake at dawn to solve problems like border issues, missionaries, European merchants, etc
Europeans trade Qing Dynasty
-The Dutch follow the rules (pay tribute, kowtow ritual, etc) and are rewarded with trade (porcelain, silk, tea)
-The British want to trade but not follow the rules (no kowtow, wanted them to buy manufactured goods), so the Manchus says no (they said they were self sufficient, didn’t need them)
Qing/Ming Economy
-Agriculture based
-Better crops, like from the Americas
-Huge population boom
-There was some manufacturing and commerce starting though, but Confucianism favored agriculture heavily
Women in Ming/Ching Dynasties
-Often killed as infants
-Couldn’t carry out the religious rituals
-Worked in fields, educated children, managed household finances, some jobs like midwife or textiles
-Foot binding continued (one-half to two-thirds of women)
Culture in Ming/Ching Dynasties
-Women mainly same role (foot binding continued, managed children) but some got textile jobs
-Culture stayed pretty traditional
-Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan (fiction, about 1700s upper class Manchu society, women depiction was good)
-Drama was popular, especially in rural areas (lower literacy rates), entertained and unified society under a national culture (depicted history, heroes, etc)
Sengoku / Warring States Period (1467-1568)
-Japan left chaotic by weak shoguns
-Samurai seized control of old feudal estates and became daimyo (military feudal lords)
-Lack of real centralized rule (emperor was a figurehead)
-Japanese feudalism, daimyo fought for territory
-Ended by 3 unifiers (Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Ieyasu)
Oda Nobunaga
-Daimyo who wanted to unite Japan
-Couldn’t be shogun (not related to noble Minamoto clan)
-First in Japan to effectively use firearms in 1575
-Invited foreigners like Portuguese in to get these guns
-Failed to fully unify Japan
-Committed seppuku (ritual suicide) when one of his generals turned on him in 1582
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
-Nobunaga’s best general, tried to continue his mission
-Also couldn’t be shogun (not noble)
-Controlled most of Japan
-Wanted to eventually conquer China so he invaded Korea as well (ended with his death)
What battle of 1600 marked the end of the Sengoku period and who won it?
Battle of Sekigahara (1600)
-Won by Tokugawa Ieyasu
Tokugawa Ieyasu
-United Japan after Battle of Sekigahara (1600)
-Became shogun and moved the capital to Edo (small fishing village, eventually Tokyo)
-Kept the daimyo tamed by an “alternate attendance policy” where they had to spend every other year in Edo, and then leave their families as hostages there when they went back to their land
-Contributed to the return of centralized gov where law was more important than military
-Founded the Tokugawa Shogunate (lasted until 1867)
Legacy of Tokugawa Period
-200 years of stability, prosperity, and isolation
-Gunpowder weapons
-Centralized gov
-Urban society
-Proto industrialization
-Beginnings of a modern society
Tokugawa social hierarchy
-Emperor (figurehead)
-Shogun (real ruler) and Daimyo (large landowners)
-Samurai (loyal to shogun and daimyo)
-Artisans, merchants (rose in this period), and peasant majority
Tokugawa political effects
-Daimyo given land domains (Han)
-1/4 of land controlled by emperor
-Centralized gov
-Alternate attendance policy (daimyo tamed)
Tokugawa society/culture
-Population rose with more food produced
-Rural to urban shift, merchants became wealthy
-Women had more employment opportunities (textiles, geisha houses)
-Urban culture depicted in art (Kabuki theater, woodblock prints, haiku)
Christianity in Japan
-Christian missionaries originally accepted in Japan because they associated them with muskets and European goods
-Jesuit Francis Xavier first, later Franciscans and Dominicans came
-Missionaries converted people
-Tokugawa Ieyasu didn’t like them (ruining Japanese culture, trying to be involved in politics)
-Didn’t want to scare off foreign trade though
-Christians blamed for things and persecuted
-Forced to denounce Christianity (step on the fumi-e)
-Future shoguns always persecuted Christians
Closed Country Policy
-Japan tried to isolate from foreign ideas
-Liked European trade, but not the change in culture
-Borders sealed in 1639 to merchants and missionaries
-Nagasaki port remained open, only Dutch and Chinese, controlled by shoguns (so they had a monopoly on foreign trade)
-Japan existed as a self-sufficient country cut off from Europe for over 200 years
Causes of Age of Exploration
-Europeans first been exposed to Asian spices and luxury goods during Crusades (1096-1270)
-Wanted cheaper alternative than going through Italians and Muslims
-Search for a new route to Indian Ocean
-People wanted to convert non-Christians
Technological advances
-caravel ship (sturdier and triangular sails to sail against the wind)
-Muslim astrolabe (later sextant) to find position using the stars and the horizon
-Chinese-invented magnetic compass
Who led the way in Eastern exploration?
-Portugal
-Prince Henry “Henry the Navigator” big supporter, built navigation school, stuff in Africa, wanted to go to the source of the luxury goods (Asia)
Bartolomeu Dias
-Portuguese explorer
-Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope
-Had to return due to a storm
Vasco da Gama
-Portuguese explorer
-Reached the port of Calicut (Southwest India) in 1498
-Brought back spices like pepper and cinnamon to Portugal
-Treated as a hero for finding a direct sea route to India
Portugal’s Trade Empire
-Took control of the Muslim-controlled spice trade
-Made their trade empire capital the port city Goa (in western India)
-Went to Indonesia (East Indies) and conquered Malacca, also giving them the Spice Islands (Muluccas)
-Successfully disrupted the previous Muslim-Italian trade system and made goods much cheaper in Europe
Ferdinand Magellan
-Led Spain to take over Philippines
-Went around South America to get there
-He died there but his men went on to circumnavigate the globe
-Wanted to create their own trade empire (centered around Philippines)
What other countries drove out the Portuguese control of the East?
-Dutch (formerly ruled by Spain, independent in 1581)
-English (eventually just focused on India, traded cloth)
-French (not really, they failed)
-Each formed an East India Company that could mint money, make treaties, raise armies, etc
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
-More powerful than England’s, so they dominated the area
-Sold stock, public owned company
-Trade headquarters in Batavia (on Java) and expanded to other nearby islands
-Took Malacca and the Spice Islands from Portugal
-Amsterdam became a leading commercial city due to goods shipped back
-Controlled the Cape of Good Hope by 1700 (southern tip of Africa)
Christopher Columbus
-Italian explorer hired by Spain
-In 1492, wanted to reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic
-Actually reached the Caribbean
-Several voyages, started the settling in the Americas trend
Treaty of Tordesillas
-1494
-Moved border line between Portugal and Spain west
-Gave Portugal to Brazil (made them super wealthy, future sugar trade)
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
-Spanish explorer
-Reached Panama
-First European to see the Pacific
Juan Ponce de Leon
-Spanish
-Claimed Florida for Spain in 1513
Conquistadors
-Spanish New World explorers
-Looking for gold and silver
Hernando Cortes
-Spanish explorer
-Reached Aztec capital Tenochtitlan
-Montezuma II thought he was a god and agreed to give him their gold supply
-Not satisfied, made them mine more gold and silver
-Conquered the Aztecs in 1521 after being driven out briefly (better weapons, disease, and allies)
Malinche
-Former Aztec noble, became slave
-Translator for Cortes (also had a kid with him)
-Convinced Aztec haters (didn’t like tribute system) to ally with Cortes against Aztecs
Francisco Pizarro
-Conquistador who defeated the Inca in 1533
-Met with ruler Atahualpa and kidnapped him
-Atahualpa offered a room’s worth of gold and two of silver for freedom
-Pizarro said yes, took the stuff, then killed him
-Easily captured Cuzco
-Rest of Inca Empire fell fast because of how the empire worked (socialism, support from the central gov)
Encomienda System
-Spanish forced labor system for Native Americans
-Spain allowed this, but they were supposed to treat them fairly (did not happen)
-Justified by Spain if they converted them to Catholicism
-Worked to death, especially in mines
-Spain used this same idea in the Caribbean
Catholicism in Spanish colonies
-Priests accompanied conquistadors to America to convert people
-Pedro de Peralta founded the capital of New Mexico, Santa Fe “Holy Faith”
-Santa Fe became the headquarters for converting people (like the native Pueblos) to catholicism
Bartolome de Las Casas
-Spanish monk (Dominican)
-Part of the opposition movement against the encomienda system that said it was bad
-Wrote “Tears of the Indians”
-Led to the ending of the encomienda system
-Suggested using African slaves instead, and although he took this back, Spain went on with it
Pueblo Revolt
-In New Mexico
-Led by Popé (Pueblo ruler) in 1680 with 17,000 warriors
-Drove the Spanish out to New Spain, stayed out for 12 years
Viceroyalty of New Spain
-Division of Spain’s empire
-Mexico, Central America, Southwest US, caribbean, Philippines
-Capital was Mexico City
-Handled trade, administration, etc in the area
Viceroyalty of Peru
-Division of Spain’s empire
-South America
-Capital was Lima
-Managed labor, territory, etc there
Council of the Indies
-Based in Spain
-Controlled by the king
-Center of decision making about all Spanish colonies
Casa da Contratacion
-“House of Trade”
-Based in Seville (Spain)
-Managed economics in Americas
-Also made maps, charts, trained captains
-Basically ensured that a profit was made
Caste System in Spanish Americas
-Peninsulares (born in Spain)
-Creoles (Spanish, but born in Americas)
-Mestizos (Spanish and Native) and Mulattoes (Spanish and African)
-Native Americans and slaves
Virgin of Guadalupe
-Appeared to Juan Diego (common man)
-Syncretism (Virgin Mary portrayed as a mestizo)
-Mexican people converted to Catholicism because of it
-Not seen as a threat because it helped spread the religion
Portuguese in Brazil
-Started settling it in the 1530s after Cabral claimed it in 1500
-When they didn’t find gold/silver, started sugar plantations (high European demands)
-Settled more and more of Brazil for more sugar land
-Conquered Native Americans, inflicted them with disease, enslaved them
Northwest Passage
-Route to Asia through North America that European countries were searching for
-Didn’t find it, so established colonies instead
New France
-Verrazano, Cartier, Champlain, Marquette, Joliet, La Salle
-Capital was Quebec
-Covered most of midwest US and eastern Canada by the 1700s
-Large but sparsely populated because it was mainly priests (just wanting to convert) and young single fur traders
-Economy built on fur trade with Native Americans
-Main goal was making money, not occupying the land (different to England)
Virginia Company
-London investors
-Got a charter from King James in 1606 and went to establish a colony (Jamestown)
Jamestown
-England’s first permanent settlement in North America
-Started badly because they focused on finding gold rather than farming the land
-70% of them died from hunger, disease, or battle with the Native Americans in the first few years
-Eventually grew strong when they found tobacco, had huge English demand
New England
-In 1620, the Pilgrims found Plymouth Mass. after seeking religious freedom
-In 1630, the Puritans also sought religious freedom and established a larger colony nearby: Massachusetts Bay
————Model community for Christians
————Successful because lots of families as opposed to Jamestown (mostly single men)
New Netherland
-Henry Hudson failed to find the Dutch a route to the Pacific, but did find the Hudson River, Hudson Bay, and Hudson Strait
-Dutch West India Company given permission to colonize
-Dutch claimed land around these waterways
-New Amsterdam
-Fur trade with Iroquois Indians along trading posts (Fort Orange/Albany, Manhattan Island)
-Profited from fur trade but struggled to attract colonists (eventually more came)
Caribbean Colonization
-France took Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique
-English took Barbados and Jamaica
-Dutch took the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba from Spain
-Built cotton and sugar plantations with enslaved labor
French and Indian War
-Part of the larger Seven Years’ War between France and England
-England helped by Iroquois, France by Huron
-Occurred when England wanted more land for the colonists and pushed west into France’s land (started in Ohio Valley)
-British colonists and army defeated the French in 1763
-French surrendered all their holdings in North America
-Justified raised taxes on colonies to pay for the war (leads to American Revolution)
King Philip’s War
-Started in 1675
-Native Americans led by Metacom attacked villages in Massachusetts
-Both sides killed hundreds
-Colonists eventually beat them
Motivations for African slaves
-Native Americans were dying too much from European disease
-Africans had immunity to these diseases, had experience farming, and didn’t know the land (fewer escapes)
Spanish slavery
-By 1511, a small number of Africans had started being enslaved on copper mines in Hispaniola
-By 1650, 300,000 slaves worked on Spanish plantations and mines
Portugal slavery
-Far surpassed Spanish slavery
-Brazil dominated sugar market in Europe
-Slaves on sugar plantations
-In the 1600s, 40% of slaves in the Americas were in Brazil
-10 times the amount of slaves received in North America (3.6 million by the end)
English Slavery
-Came to dominate the slave trade in the Americas
-1.7 million transported to the West Indies and 400,000 to the North American colonies
-Population of slaves grew substantially in North America (2 million by 1830) because it was hereditary
African cooperation and resistance in slavery
-Rulers had been selling slaves to other Africans and Muslims
-Saw no difference in selling to Westerners
-Traded for gold, guns, other things
-Eventually it was opposed by rulers like King Affonso of Congo
-Originally participated in the trade but spoke out to the King of Portugal later
-Nothing changed, Europeans would just go to different leaders
Triangular Trade Network
Many trade routes between Europe, the Americas, and Africa
One Route:
-Europeans trade man. goods for slaves in Africa
-Bring slaves to West Indies and trade for sugar, coffee, tobacco
-Bring those back to Europe
Another Route:
-Bring rum from New England to trade for slaves in
Africa
-Bring slaves to West Indies and trade for sugar and molasses
-Bring rum ingredients back to New England
Middle Passage
-Voyage between Africa and the Americas
-Africans packed tightly together
-Whippings, beatings, disease spreading
-20% of them died on the journey (some violence and disease, some suicide)
Slavery in the Americas
-Auctioned to highest bidder
-Worked in mines, fields, or as domestic servants
-Often very little food, bad living conditions, long work days, whippings, beatings
-Lifelong and hereditary
Resistance/rebellion to slavery
-Held on to their culture (music, stories, etc)
-Being less productive (work slow, break stuff)
-Running away
-Stono Rebellion in 1739 South Carolina, killed colonists, fought local militia, many died fighting and were executed after they were defeated
Maroon Societies
-Africans who escaped from plantations formed communities in Brazil and Caribbean
Impact of slave trade on Africa
-Lost some of their fittest people to Europeans
-Families torn apart
-Introduced guns to Africa, helped spread war
Repartimento
-Spanish forced labor of Indigenous people
-Copies mita system from Inca
-Low wages
-Mainly silver mining (Potosi silver mine in Bolivia)
Indentured Servitude
-How poor Europeans came to New World
-Exchanged their labor to a company (like Virginia Company) for passage to the New World and basic supplies
Columbian Exchange
-Global transfer of foods, plants and animals during the colonization of the Americas
From Americas:
-Tomatoes, squash, pineapple, tobacco, cacao beans
-Most important were corn and potatoes (cheap and nutritious, led to population increase)
From Europe/Asia/Africa:
-Horses, cattle, pigs
-Bananas, black-eyed peas, yams
-Wheat, rice, oats, sugar cane, coffee beans
-Disease (measles, smallpox)
Commercial Revolution
-Europe 15-1600s
-New wave of business and trade practices
-Result of new wealth from Americas and increased overseas trade
Capitalism
-Rose in the Commercial Revolution
-System based on private ownership and investing wealth for profit
-Merchants (rich from overseas colonization and trade) invested money into more trade and other businesses
-Led to inflation because more demand (rich people) than demand, so prices rose
Joint-Stock Companies
-Emerged during the Commercial Revolution
-Like modern day corporations, where many people pooled wealth for a common goal
-Funded American colonization because it was expensive and risky
-Jamestown established through one
Mercantilism
-Idea that a country’s power was dependent on their wealth
-Wealth achieved by obtaining gold+silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade (exporting more than inporting)
-Goal was to be self sufficient, not need other countries for trade
-Colonies provided raw materials (gold, silver, wood, furs) to home country, and were expected to buy things manufactured in the home country
Kongo
-Sub-Saharan African kingdom
-Emerged in the 1300s
-Portuguese influence through trade for slaves
King Nzinga Mbemba (King Afonso I)
-Adopted Christianity to be closer with Portuguese merchants and rulers
-Encouraged his subjects to convert
-Tried to push back on the slave sourcing his kingdom was being used for (wrote a letter to king of Portugal
Portugal and Kongo
-First started in 1483 when they were traveling down West Africa to eventually go to Asia (1488 cape of good hope reached)
-Traded textiles, weapons, and access to advisors and artisans for copper, ivory, and most of all, slaves (normally caught by local authorities in exchange for guns)
-Helped Kongo expel invaders
-Many Portuguese merchants settled down and took local wives
-Relations deteriorated over time because they wanted to focus more south (war in 1665 with Kongo, killed their king, withdrew)
-Kongo’s power ended in 1700s because of them
Ndongo
-South of Kongo
-Called Angola by Portuguese (word for king was ngola)
-During the 1500s, grew from a small chiefdom under Kongo’s power to a powerful kingdom because of Portuguese merchants
-Took decades for Portugal to conquer and turn into a large scale access point for slaves
-Became Angola, first European colony in sub Saharan Africa
Queen Nzinga (1623-1663)
-Held off the Portuguese from Ndongo for 40 years
-Came from warrior kings, dressed as a male warrior when leading troops in battle, had them call her king
-Got central Africans to fight and allied with Dutch mariners (eventually wanted to kick them out too)
-Planned to create a vast Central African empire
-Died, leaving Portugal able to conquer the kingdom
Cape Town
-Trading post built by Dutch (Boers) in 1652
-Conquered the native Khoikhoi people and made them labor
-More Dutch colonists came in 1700s, settled between Orange and Great Fish rivers
Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa
-Normally blended with indigenous beliefs to form a syncretic version of Islam (women had more freedom, influence from African magic/spirits)
-Many Muslim people disagreed with this form for being impure (Fulani)
Fulani
-Pastoral people from West Africa, eventually settled in cities
-Hated syncretic Islam, practiced strict form of Islam like North Africa and Arabia
-Led military campaigns across West Africa to establish pure Islamic states starting in 1680
-Mainly failed religiously, but did establish states in modern Guniea, Senegal, Mali, and Nigeria
-Promoted the spread of Islam in the countryside, built Islamic schools
Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa
-Portuguese community in Kongo and Angola supported missionaries and priests
-King Alfonso I and his successors followed European-style Christianity to better ally with Portugal
-Normal people followed syncretic cults (Antonian movement)
Antonian Movement
-Syncretic cult in Kongo led by Dona Beatriz in the early 1700s
-Dona Beatriz was an aristocratic woman who said St. Anthony (patron saint of Portugal) chose her to pass on his messages
-Famous for working miracles and curing people
-Spread ideas that Jesus was a black African, Kongo was the true holy land, and heaven was for Africans
-King Pedro IV of Kongo had her burned at the stake in 1706 because she challenged Christian missionaries (unlike Virgin of Guadalupe)
-Movement continued after Dona Beatriz
-20,000 army challenged Pedro in 1708
Effects of European trade on Sub-Saharan Africa
-Access to European textiles and metal goods (complement their existing textiles and metal goods)
-American crops brought there like manioc (cassava), maize, and peanuts
-Manioc/cassava very good because high yield and could grow in tropical soil
-Started population growth (34 million by 1500, 44 in 1600, 52 in 1700, 60 in 1800) that outweighed the effects of the slave trade on population growth
