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AP Psych > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

Social Psychology

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

How our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others.

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2
Q

Social Influence

A

How other people directly or indirectly influence the behavior, feelings, and thoughts of the individual.

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3
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Changing a behavior in order to fit in with a particular group.

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4
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

A person conforms because they know that someone else is right.

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5
Q

Upward and Downward Social Comparison

A

Upward- compare yourself to someone who is better than you. Downward- compare youself to someone who is worse off than you.

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6
Q

Descriptive and Injunctive Norms

A

Descriptive- refer to someone’s behavior. Injunctive- assist an individual in learning what behaviors are acceptable and unacceptable.

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7
Q

Social Impact Theory

A

Bibb Latane- the likelihood to be impacted by an event and conform depends on the strength of the source, immediacy of the event, number of sources exerting the impact.

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8
Q

Social Facilitation

A

When people are watching, your arousal increases and affects your performance. Research made by Zajonc. We perform better on well rehearsed tasks. We perform worse on new tasks.

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9
Q

Social Inhibition

A

Tendency to perform complex tasks more poorly in the presence of others.

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10
Q

Social Loafing

A

Tendency to work less when others are also working on a task.

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11
Q

Social Striving

A

Tendency to work better when others are also working on a task.

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12
Q

Task Oriented

A

Focus on tasks to meet goals. Pros- things get done. Cons- people feel underappreciated.

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13
Q

People Oriented

A

Energize employees by making their efforts appreciated. Pros- people feel their jobs are worth while. Cons- feel overwhelmed when they do not perform.

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14
Q

Deindividuation

A

The lessening of their sense of personal identity and personal responsibility when one belongs to a group.

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15
Q

ABC Models of Attitude

A

Affective component- how a person feels toward the person, object or situation. Behavior compnent- the action the person takes. Cognitive component- way the person thinks about him or herself.

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16
Q

Direct Contact

A

Forming an attitude based on meeting the person, object, or situation.

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17
Q

Direct Instruction

A

Someone telling you to think a certain way.

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18
Q

Persuasion

A

Direct attempt to influence attitude.

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19
Q

Source, Message, Target Audience, Medium

A

Source- the person communicating the mesage. Message- what the person wants you to think; should be clear and organized. Target Audience- who should receive the message; what is the best way to reach them? Medium- the form you receive the message.

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20
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

People either elaborate (add details to the message) or do not elaborate at all (look at the characteristics of the message: length, is it attractive?)

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21
Q

Central Route Processing

A

People pay attention to the content of the message.

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22
Q

Peripheral Route Processing

A

Paying attention to cues outside of the message such as the expertise, length, and things that don’t directly relate to the message itself.

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23
Q

Theory X

A

Assumes workers are lazy, error prone, and only motivated by extrinsic rewards like money.

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24
Q

Theory Y

A

Assumes that any given challenge and freedom motivates workers to self achieve and demonstrate their competence.

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25
Q

Attitude Consistency

A

Degree to which a person’s thoughts reflect their actions.

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26
Q

Perceived Control

A

The amount to which a person believes they can control their actions.

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27
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The “knew it all along” effect. The feeling that after an outcome has occurred, that it was predictable the whole time.

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28
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

A person’s behavior conflicts with their thoughts and beliefs.

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29
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith Study on Cognitive Dissonance

A

Coined the term when a cult group believed that a flood was coming and would destroy the world. When it didn’t destroy the world, they said that they were so faithful and quit their jobs that they stopped the flood.

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30
Q

GRIT- Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction

A

One small compromise between opposing sides will cause a spiral of more compromises.

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31
Q

Foot in the Door

A

Getting someone to agree to a minor request in the hopes that they will later agree to a bigger request.

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32
Q

Door in the Face

A

Getting someone to reject a major request in the hopes that they will feel bad and agree to a smaller request.

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33
Q

Lowball Technique

A

Once a commitment is made, the cost of the commitment increases.

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34
Q

That’s Not All Technique

A

Additional items that make the decision seem worthwhile.

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35
Q

Rule of Reciprocity

A

People deserve to be treated in the same manner they treated you.

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36
Q

Rule of Commitment

A

Feeling obligated to follow through on something once you made a public commitment.

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37
Q

Scarcity

A

Only so many products left.

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38
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

When a majority of a group rejects a norm, but they go along with the crowd because they assume others accept it.

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39
Q

Conformity- Private and Public

A

Engage in behavior due to group pressure. Public- change behavior to fit in but not your private opinion. Private- personal attitude change because it’s congruent with your beliefs.

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40
Q

Asch’s Experiment

A

Participants were likely to follow group responses even if they thought they were wrong.

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41
Q

Groupthink

A

When people of a group feel it is more important to maintain the group’s cohesiveness than to consider facts realistically.

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42
Q

Illusion of Invulnerability

A

Feeling like the group can do no wrong.

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43
Q

Sherif’s Experiment

A

People asked how much a light moved in a blacked-out room (light didn’t actually move; it was an illusion called to auto kinetic effect). Participants in the room alone- usually said between 2-6 inches. Would go in as a group- people changed their responses based on other’s answers.

44
Q

Group Polarization

A

Tendency for members involved to take extreme positions and take riskier actions when they meet with others of similar dispositions.

45
Q

Obedience

A

Social pressure to comply with authority.

46
Q

Zimbardo and the Stanford Prison Experiment

A

Prisoners vs. prison guards.

47
Q

Social Perception

A

The study of how people form impressions and make inferences about people. Primacy effect- when a first impression persists even when contradictory information is presented later.

48
Q

Self-Perception Theory (Bem)

A

Asserts people develop new attitudes after reflecting on their behavior that came naturally.

49
Q

Self-Affirmation (Steele)

A

When an individual reflects on their own values, they are less likely to experience distress when confronted with information that contradicts their sense of self.

50
Q

Social Categorization

A

Assigning a new person to a certain group.

51
Q

Implicit Personality Theory and IAT Tests

A

Sets of assumptions that people have about different types of people. IAT Tests- implicit association tests. Look at pair of concepts. On a computer screen, choose between the pleasant and unpleasant side.

52
Q

Just World Hypothesis

A

Believe that people get what they deserve so strongly, that people will rationalize injustice by naming things that made the victim “deserve it”.

53
Q

Harold Kelley’s 3 Variables

A

Consensus- extent to which others act the same way.
Consistency- how often a person behaves a certain way. Distintiveness- extent to which someone’s behavior in one situation is different from another.

54
Q

Attribution Theory

A

How we interpret and understand other people’s behavior.

55
Q

Situational Cause

A

Assuming the cause of the behavior is from external factors.

56
Q

Dispositional Cause

A

Assuming the cause of the behavior is due to internal factors.

57
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Over-attributing other’s behaviors to internal factors and discounting external factors.

58
Q

Actor Observer Bias

A

Our own behavior is due to outside causes. Other people’s behavior is due to internal causes.

59
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Success is due to our own efforts, failure is due to circumstances beyond our control.

60
Q

Modesty/Self-Effacing Bias

A

Success- all due to help from others. Failure- my own fault.

61
Q

Stereotypes

A

Set of beliefs about people of a given category- shared beliefs. Prejudice is reinforced by stereotypes. Difficult to change way of seeing people that belong to a category.

62
Q

Prejudice

A

Preconceived attitudes toward a person or group that have been formed without sufficient evidence and are not easily changed.

63
Q

Discrimination

A

Unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of a category in which they belong.

64
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that your own culture reigns supreme over all other cultures.

65
Q

In-Group and In-Group Bias

A

In-group: member of the group- identify with them. In-group bias: favoring your group.

66
Q

Out-Group

A

Not a member- may feel rejected.

67
Q

Homogeneity Effect

A

Tendency to see members of out-groups as similar to one another.

68
Q

Scapegoat

A

A person or group that serves as a target for the frustration and negative emotions of the in-group.

69
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Using cognitive process to understand the world; prejudice is formed as other attitudes are formed. Through direct instruction, modeling, and social influences.

70
Q

Realistic Conflict Theory

A

Increasing prejudice and discrimination are closely tied to a conflict between the in-group and the out-group when they are seeking a common resource.

71
Q

Self-Schema

A

Long lasting and stable set of memories that make up a person’s beliefs.

72
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

3 processes form a person’s identity in a social group. Social categorization- people assign categories to one another. Identification- forming of your social identity or how you see yourself in the group. Social comparison- people compare themselves to others to boost their self esteem.

73
Q

Stereotype Vulnerability and Threat

A

Vulnerability- effect that a person’s knowledge of another’s stereotyped opinions can have on that person’s behavior. Threat- members of a stereotyped group are made anxious of any situation that might support that stereotype.

74
Q

Aversice Racism

A

Avoiding contact with those of a different identity increases racism.

75
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

A belief that comes to bring own fulfillment. Believe you are friendly and generous- will be warm and smile when you see people.

76
Q

Unrealistic Optimism

A

Less likely to experience a negative event compared to others.

77
Q

Self-Handicapping

A

Avoid effort in the hopes of diminishing a possible failure.

78
Q

Equal Status Contact

A

When conflicting groups are put in a situation where they must work together to solve a problem.

79
Q

Superordinate Goals

A

Must pool skills together to succeed. Neither group has more power over the other anymore.

80
Q

Aggression

A

Intentional physical or emotional harm to others.

81
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

Desire to dominate others.

82
Q

Instrumental Aggression

A

Desire to achieve a goal.

83
Q

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis (Dollard)

A

Aggression is a natural reaction to frustration, but the external factors need to be ideal to act upon it. Aggression is an automatic response.

84
Q

Berkowitz’ Modified Version

A

Said Dollard’s view was focused too much on an automatic fight or flight response. Berkowitz stated there is a cognitive process of assessing whether to act.

85
Q

Social Role

A

The pattern of behavior expected of a person who is in a particular social position.

86
Q

Prosocial Behavior

A

Socially desirable behavior that brings benefit rather than harm.

87
Q

Altruism

A

Helping others without looking for something in return.

88
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

People will not help others unless the gains outweight the losses.

89
Q

Culture of Honor

A

Cultures that avoid confrontation and purposeful aggression. Promotes chivalry

90
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

Presence of others lessens responsibility for failure to act.

91
Q

Bystander Effect

A

Individual does not take action because of the presence of others.

92
Q

Kitty Genovese

A

Murdered outside of her apartment in Queens. Over 30 witnesses and no one helped.

93
Q

Darley and Latane’s 5 Points to Helping

A
  1. Noticing
  2. Defining an emergency
  3. Taking responsibility
  4. Planning a course of action
  5. Taking action
94
Q

Kin Selection

A

Altrustic behavior in risking your own life to benefit that of your kin or relatives.

95
Q

Prisoner’s Dilemma

A

Biggest reward gained if both parties cooperate. Prisoners interogated togther for the same crime have a choice. If prisoner A betrays B and Prisoner B denies, Prisoner A will be set free, while Prisoner B will be convicted for 10 years, and vice versa. If both confess, they will both serve a six-year sentence. If both deny, they will both serve a six-month sentence.

96
Q

Social Trap

A

Obtain short-term individual gains, while in the long run, the whole group loses.

97
Q

Halo Effect

A

Tendency to assume that attractive people also have more positive personality characteristics.

98
Q

Interpersonal Attraction

A

Liking or having interest in a relationship with someone else. Not necessarily attraction for dating. Also for friendship.

99
Q

Physical Proximity

A

The distance one person is to another person. The closer they are geographically, the more likely they will be attracted to each other.

100
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

The more you are exposed to a stimulus, the more you begin to like the stimulus.

101
Q

Complementarity

A

Attraction between opposite types of people.

102
Q

Reciprocity of Liking

A

A very strong tendency to like people who like you.

103
Q

Matching Hypothesis

A

A tendency for people to “match” with people who are in the same range of attractiveness to themselves.

104
Q

Sternberg’s 3 Components of Love

A

Intimacy- feelings of closeness and emotional bonding. Passion- physical longing for the person. Commitment- making mutual decisions in the relationship.
Romantic love: when intimacy and passion are combined.
Companionate love: intimacy and commitment are combined. Consummate love: intimacy, commitment, and passion are involved.

105
Q

Interdependence

A

Two or more people have influence over one another’s outcomes.

106
Q

Equity

A

Receiving from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

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