Unit 7 Flashcards
Motivation, Emotion, Personality
Hunger
Insulin- reduces glucose in the bloodstream. Glucagon- increases glucose in the bloodstream. Foods with simple sugars spike insulin levels, this leads to low blood sugar and increased appetite. Weight set point- hypothalamus tries to maintain a certain weight. Basal metabolic weight- how much energy your body can burn at a resting point.
Lateral Hypothalamus
Causes you to feel hunger.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Causes you to feel full.
Orexin
Neuotransmitter in the lateral hypothalamus. Increases appetite.
Leptin/Ghrelin
Leptin- signals to the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food. Ghrelin- released from the lateral hypothalamus and increases hunger.
Galanin
Neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. Increases desire for food high in fat.
Enterostatin
Neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. Decreases desire for food in high fat.
Obesity
20%+ over ideal body weight. Family history, hormones such as leptin, and overeating.
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa- reduces eating to the point where their body is significantly low. Bulimia nervosa- binging on enormous amounts of food and purging.
Motivation
Process by which activities are started until needs are met.
Extrinsic- driven due to an external reward.
Intrinsic- being motivated because the act itself is rewarding and satisfying.
Instincts (fixed action patterns)- innate patterns of behavior.
Evolutionary approach- humans are motivated by actions that optimize “fitness”.
Need Vs. A Drive
Need- requirement material that is essential for survival.
Drive- the feeling to act to strive for that need.
Drive Reduction Theory
Two kinds of drives that motivate: primary drives- survival needs (hunger and thirst). Secondary drives (acquired)- learned through experience (money and approval).
Homeostasis or balance is needed (we become “off balance” until a primary drive is fulfilled).
Homeostasis
The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
McClelland’s Three Types of Needs
Need for Affiliation (nAff)- need for friendly interactions and relationships.
Need for Power (nPow)- need to have control over other people.
Need for Achievement (nAch)- strong desire to achieve goals.
Relative Deprivation
A sense of feeling deprived by not having something to which you feel entitled.
Stimulus Motive
One that appears to be unlearned and causes an increase in stimulation (curiosity, playing, exploration).
Arousal Theory
People have an optimal (best) level of tension (spectrum between anxiety and boredom).
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Graph of the relationship between task performance and arousal. Speaking directly- low tension; few errors. Speaking to a crowd- for many, high tension: more errors, poor performance.
Sensation Seeker
Research by Zuckerman. A person who needs more arousal.
Incentive Theory
Behavior explained by external stimuli and their rewards. Cause people to act solely on incentives and not any other needs.
Self-Determination Theory
3 universal needs for all humans. Autonomy- need to control one’s behavior. Relatedness- need to feel a sense of belonging. Competence- need to master challenges.
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Levels of needs. Can move to the next level once one is met. Physiological -> Safety -> Love/Belonging -> Esteem -> Self-Actualization (full human potential).
Emotion
The “feeling” part of consciousness- physical arousal, behavior that reveals your feeling to the outside world, inner awareness of the feeling.
In the brain- the amygdala is the emotional center (rage, fear, pleasure). The right side of the brain is more active when distinguishing facial expressions.
Ekman’s 7 Universal Expressions
Anger, fear, disgust, happiness, surprise, sadness, contempt.
Duchenne Smile
A true smile that involves the mouth muscles and cheek muscles that crinkle the eyes. A non-duchenne smile only uses mouth muscles.
Display Rules
Cultural rules/norms that govern when you can display certain emotions.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
A stimulus produces a physiological reaction- an arousal. The sympathetic nervous system produces bodily sensations. The physical arousal led to the labelling of the emotion.
Event -> arousal -> interpretation -> emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
A stimulus leads to activity in the brain. Which sends signals to arouse the body and interpret the emotion at the same time.
Event -> arousal emotion
Schachter Singer’s Cognitive Arousal Theory
Two factor theory- event causes the physical arousal first. The labelling of the arousal based on cues from the environment.
Cognitive Mediational Theory
Lazarus- thought must become before any emotion or arousal. The cognitive appraisal results in an emotional response which is followed by the appropriate bodily response and emotion.
Event -> thought -> emotion arousal
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
A stimulus causes arousal and a facial expression. The facial expression provides feedback to the brain about the emotion. Once the brain interprets it, it may intensify it.
Opponent Process Theory of Emotion
When one emotion is felt, another is suppressed.
Galvanic Skin Response
GSR is a polygraph that measures the amount of sweat on primarily the hands and feet. There is a positive correlation with high arousal and moisture. High arousal could be strong fear or strong excitement.
Catharsis
The release and relief from strongly repressed emotions.
Adaptation Level Principle
The ability for humans to quickly adapt to new situations until it becomes the norm.
Emotional Intelligence
Accurate awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions, facilitate thinking, attain goals, and understand what other’s feel. Higher emotional intelligence linked to higher intelligence in other areas.
Stress and Stressors
Stress describes the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging. Stressors are stress causing events.
Distress Vs. Eustress
Distress is when people experience unpleasant stressors. Eustress is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being.
Resiliance
Ability to adapt in the face of adversity and stress. “Bouncing back” from a traumatic experience.
Catastrophes
Unpredictable event that happens on a large scale and causes tremendous amounts of stress and feelings of threat.
Major Life Changes
Causes a person to make large adjustments in their daily lives.
Social Readjustment By Holmes and Rahe
A scale that measures the amount of stress in a person’s life by adding up the total life change units associated with each major life event.
Hassles
Little frustrations that occur day to day. Perceived severity of the daily hassles leads to more stress than the amount of hassles. Changes with age.
Pressure
Urgent demands from an outside source. Time gives the most pressure- need to finish before a deadline. Even those who claim to “work well under pressure” really don’t still affects their level of depth and creativity.
Uncontrollability
Lack of control in a situation. Feeling “stuck”.
Frustration
Prevented from achieving a goal. Internal frustration- cannot complete a task because of personal characteristics.
Aggression
Acts meant to harm or destroy. Typical reaction to frustration.
Frustation Aggression Hypothesis
When frustration is present, it creates an internal “readiness to aggress”. However, aggression will only by displayed if the external cues are present.
Displaced Aggression
When a person directs their anger or frustration towards a target that is not the actual source of their distress.
Escape/Withdrawal
A behavioral response where a person removes themselves from a situation or avoids it altogether as a way to cope with stress, discomfort, or anxiety.
Approach Approach Conflict
Two goals that are both attractive.
Avoidance Avoidance Conflict
Two goals that are both unpleasant.
Approach Avoidance Conflict
One goal, which has both pleasant and unpleasant aspects.
Double Approach Avoidance Conflict
Two goals, which have both pleasant and unpleasant aspects.