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AP Psych > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

Clinical Psychology

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1
Q

Psychopathology

A

The scientific study of mental illness and clinical disorders.

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2
Q

Comorbidity

A

The coexistence of two or more disorders.

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3
Q

Stigma

A

A cluster of negative beliefs and attitudes that motivate the general public to fear, reject, and avoid people with mental illnesses. Stigma prevents people from getting the help they need.

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4
Q

Social Norm Deviance

A

How much does the behavior differ from the norm set by society- extraneous variables?

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5
Q

Situational Context

A

The environment the behavior changes.

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6
Q

Subjective Discomfort

A

Emotional distress while engaging in a particular behavior or thought process.

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7
Q

Maladaptive

A

Thinking or behavior that does not allow a person to function normally.

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8
Q

Transference

A

The emotions of others are transferred onto the therapist. Someone who didn’t trust a parental figure may be untrusting of the therapist.

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9
Q

Resistance

A

Patient refuses to talk about certain topics.

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10
Q

5 Criteria for Abnormality

A

Used to evaluate whether a behavior or mental state can be considered abnormal. Deviance- behavior that deviates from societal norms or expectations. Distress- personal suffering or emotional discomfort experienced by an individual. Dysfunction- impairment in one’s ability to function effectively in daily life. Danger- bahavior that poses a risk to oneself or others. Duration- the persistence of the behavior or mental state over time.

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11
Q

DSM 5

A

Describes 250 different disorders. Described in terms of: symptoms, typical path of progression, checklist of criteria for a diagnosis.

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12
Q

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder (Positive and Negative Symptoms)

A

This spectrum includes two or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, abnormal motor behavior, negative symptoms. Treatment options: antipsychotic medications, individual psychotherapy, rehabilitation, family education, self-help groups.

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13
Q

Delusions: Grandiose, Persecutory, Reference

A

False beliefs that individuals hold despite evidence to the contrary. Grandiose: involve a person having an exaggerated sense of their own importance, power, or abilities. Persecutory: a person believing that they are being targeted, harmed, or conspired against by others. Referential: a person believing that certain events, objects, or people have a special and personal significance to them.

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14
Q

Hallucinations

A

Sensory experiences that occur without any external stimuli. They can involve seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that are not actually there.

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15
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Persistent deficits in communication and social interaction; restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior or interests causing clinically significant impairment in functioning. Treatment options: depends greatly upon intensity of symptoms. Behavioral management and training common, speech or physical therapy.

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16
Q

Motor and Tic Disorders

A

Conditions that involve involuntary movement or sounds. Motor: Parkinson’s. Tic: Tourette syndrome.

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17
Q

Savant Syndrome

A

A condition in which individuals with developmental or intellectual disabilities have exceptional disabilities in a specific area.

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18
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A

Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development; clear evidence that the symptoms interfere with social, academic or occupational function. Treatment options: medication, behavioral or cognitive behavioral therapy.

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19
Q

Executive Functioning

A

A set of cognitive processes that help individuals plan, organize, prioritize, and regulate their thoughts, actions, and behaviors to achieve goals.

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20
Q

Inattention

A

Difficulty in focusing, sustaining attention, or paying attention to tasks or information. A symptom of ADHD.

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21
Q

Hyperactivity

A

Excessive or high levels of physical activity and movement. It is associated with ADHD.

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22
Q

Specific Learning Disorders

A

Conditions that affect the acquition and use of specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or math. They are characterized by persistent difficulties in one or more areas of learning, despite adequate instruction and opportunities to learn. Some include dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia.

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23
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Persistant and excessive anxiety, autonomic arousal, or worry that lasts at least six months. Treatment options: exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, medication.

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24
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Intense anxiety when exposed to certain kinds of social situations. Treatment options: exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, medication.

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25
Q

Phobia Disorders

A

Intense anxiety when exposed to a particular object or situation. Treatment options: exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, medication.

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26
Q

Agoraphobia

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in situations or places where escape might be difficult or help might not be available. They avoid crowded spaces, public transportation, or being outside of their home alone. Treatment options: therapy, medication, gradually exposing oneself to feared situations to build confidence and reduce anxiety.

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27
Q

Panic Attack and Panic Disorder

A

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, which cause worry or anxiety. Symptoms: heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, dizziness, chest pain, and fear of losing control. Treatment options: exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, medication.

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28
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Obsessions, compulsions, or both. Obsessions are ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that are persistent and cause anxiety or distress, thoughts that are inappropriate but uncontrollable. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that help to prevent or relieve anxiety. Treatment options: exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, medication.

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29
Q

Hoarding Disorder

A

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regarding or their actual value due to a perceived need to save the items and distress associated with discarding them. Treatment options: cognitive behavioral therapy, medication.

30
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Clinical depression is marked by a depressed mood most of the day, particularly in the morning, and a loss of interest in normal activities and relationships- symptoms that are present every day for at least 2 weeks. Treatment options: psychotherapy, anti-depressants, ECT.
Persistant Depressive Disorder- dysthymic disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by a chronic but mild depressive state that has been present in an individual for more than two years.

31
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder and Light Therapy

A

SAD- a type of depression that occurs during specific seasons, typically in the fall and winter months when there is less natural sunlight. It is thought to be related to changes in light exposure, which can affect mood and disrupt the body’s internal clock. Symptoms: low mood, lack of energy, changes in appetite, difficulty concentrating. Light therapy- treatment for SAD that involves exposure to bright artificial light. It helps to regulate the body’s internal clock and improve mood by increasing exposure to light.

32
Q

Bipolar Disorders (I and II)

A

I- the classic diagnosis of this disorder. Patients experience periods of extreme inflated mood (manic episodes) followed by depressive episodes. II- does not have intense highs- called hypomanic rather than manic episodes; includes depressive episodes. Treatment options: mood stablilizing drug and psychotherapy.

33
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

A person with this disorder re-experiences a highly traumatic event and avoids stimuli associated with the trauma. Symptoms include increased arousal such as insomnia, irritability, difficulty concentrating, hypervigilance, or exaggerated startle response. Treatment options: anti-anxiety meds, psychotherapy.

34
Q

Beck’s Cognitive Distortions

A

Aribitrary interference- jumping to conclusions without evidence. Selective thinking- focusing on only one aspect of a situation. Overgeneralization- assumes one negative incident applies to all areas of one’s life. Magnification- makes a small incident a huge deal. Minimization- not giving credit to accomplishments. Personalization- taking blame for events not caused by oneself.

35
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

A lack of connection in a person’s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity. Thought to stem from trauma. Dissociating is a coping mechanism; the person dissociates themself from a situation or experience that’s too violent, traumatic, or painful to assimilate with their conscious self. Treatment options: talk therapy or psychotherapy, medications, hypnotherapy, adjunctive therapies such as art or movement therapy.

36
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Person blocks out certain information, usually associated with a stressful or traumatic event, leaving them unable to remember important personal information. With this disorder, the degree of memory loss goes beyond normal forgetfulness and includes gaps in memory for long periods of time or of memories involving the traumatic event. Treatment options: psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, family therapy, creative therapies, clinical hypnosis.

37
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

A dissociative disorder characterized by a sudden and unexpected travel away from home or one’s usual surroundings, accompanied by an inability to recall one’s past and personal identity. Triggered by a traumatic event or extreme stress. Treatment options: therapy.

38
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Antisocial behavior; little concern for the rights of others or the law. Behavior patterns include excessive drinking, fighting and irresponsibility. Long lasting manipulative and exploitive actions. Treatment options: (frequently untreated) long-term psychotherapy or CBT can be effective at changing attitudes and behaviors.

39
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

A complex mental health condition that causes emotional instability, relationship problems, a low sense of self-worth, and fear of abandonment. Other common symptoms include intense problems managing anger and recurring self-harming or suicidal thoughts. Treatment options: counseling and medication.

40
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

People with these disorders have intense, unstable emotions and a distorted self-image. Further characterized by an abnormal love of self, an exaggerated sense of superiority and importance, and a preoccupation with success and power. Treatment options: freqeuntly untreated; long-term psychotherapy can change attitudes and treatment of others.

41
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

Causes feelings of helplessness, submissivenss, a need to be taken care of, and a need for constant reassurance. Treatment options: psychotherapy, medication.

42
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

A mental health condition characterized by feelings of extreme social inhibition, low self-esteem, and a strong fear of rejection or criticism. Treatment options: cognitive behavioral therapy.

43
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

Needs to be the center of attention; is easily influenced by others. Suicidal threats or gestures used to seek attention. Inappropriate sexual and seductive behavior is common. Shifting, shallow emotions and perception that relationships are closer than they are in reality. Relationships are unstable and unfulfilling. Marital affairs are common. Treatment options: counseling.

44
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

A mental health condition characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others, even without sufficient evidence. Treatment options: therapy.

45
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

A mental health condition in which a person experiences physical symptoms that are either very distressing or disruptive to their daily life. The symptoms include pain, fatigue, gastointestinal issues, or other bodily sensations. There is excessive focus on the symtoms and the disproportionate worry or distress they cause.

46
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

Body-image disorder characterized by persistent and intrusive preoccupations with an imagined or slight defect in one’s appearance. Treatment options: psychotherapy, medication.

47
Q

Insight Therapy Vs. Action Therapy

A

Insight: focuses on increasing self-awareness and understanding of one’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. It aims to help individuals gain insight into the root causes of their difficulties or challenges and develop healthier ways of coping. Action: focuses on engaging individuals in activities or experiences to promote personal growth and change. It encourages individuals to actively participate in exercises, role-playing, art, music, or other expressive activities.

48
Q

Roger’s Person Centered Therapy

A

Therapists can provide support that patients do not receive elsewhere. Authenticity- therapist must be genuine and honest. Unconditional Positive Regard- therapist must be warm and accepting. Empathy- therapist must see the world through their client’s eyes.

49
Q

Gestalt Therapy and Fitz Perls

A

Psychologist that believed problems stem from hiding important parts of themselves (not letting the world perceive who they really are). People wear “masks” to hide who they really are.

50
Q

Behavior Modification

A

Decrease undesirable behaviors and increase desirable behaviors.

51
Q

Applied Behavior Analysis

A

Modern form of behavior modification. Conditioning techiques modify the behavior. Looks at consequences. Often used for children with autism.

52
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Steps are used to reduce fear and anxiety- client relaxes, create a list of scenarios that bring on anxiety from least to most, begin facing the fear.

53
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

Pair unpleasant (aversive) stimulus to the bad behavior.

54
Q

Counter Conditioning

A

A technique used in therapy to change the association between a specific stimulus and a particular response. It involves pairing the stimulus that triggers an undesired response with a new, positive stimulus to create a different response.

55
Q

Exposure Therapy and VR Therapy

A

Exposure- client is exposed to stimulus that causes fear. Graded or flooding.

56
Q

Flooding

A

Exposed quickly with no escape.

57
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

Focuses on the present. Disorders come from irrational thoughts. 3 goals- relieve symptoms, develop coping strategies, change negative thoughts to positive thoughts.

58
Q

Cognitive Restructuring Therapy

A

Focuses on identifying and challenging negative or distorted thoughts and beliefs. It aims to help individuals replace unhelpful or irrational thinking patterns with more realistic and positive ones.

59
Q

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

A

Clients need to challenge irrational thoughts with helpful statements.

60
Q

Group Therapy and Family Counseling

A

All members of a family experiencing the same problem meet separately or together to open lines of communication. Discover unhealthy behaviors in order to promote healthy ones.

61
Q

Self Help Groups

A

Those with the same problem get together to communicate and provide support.

62
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A

Focuses on using medications and medical interventions to address mental health conditions.

63
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

A field of study that focuses on how medications affect the brain and behavior.

64
Q

Antopsychotic Drug: Risperdal and Seroquel

A

Suppress dopamine and serotonin. Risperidone and Abilify treat bipolar or behavioral disorders- hallucinations, delusions. Side effects include weight gain, increased risk of diabetes, drowsiness, tardive dyskinesia (facial expression syndrome). Not approved for children by the FDA.

65
Q

Stimulant Drugs: Adderall and Ritalin

A

Amphetamine that affects stimulation of the Central Nervous System. Adderall is designed to treat ADHD. Side effects include weight loss, increased anxiety and aggression.

66
Q

Antianxiety Drugs: Xanax

A

Sedative. Klonopin, Xanax, and Valium treat severe anxiety/panic. Side effects include abuse, confusion, and depression. Not approved for children by the FDA.

67
Q

Mood-Stabilizing Drugs: Lithium Carbonate

A

Balance neurotransmitters in the brain, helping to prevent extreme mood swings and episodes of mania or depression.

68
Q

Antidepressants: MAOIs

A

Block monoamine- which normally breaks down norephinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Marplan and Nardil treat depression and sometimes Parkinson’s. Side effects include nausea and insomnia. Not approved for children by FDA.

69
Q

Antidepressants: SSRIs (Prozac)

A

Stop reuptake of serotonin- thus more serotonin is available. Prozac and Zoloft treat depression and/or anxiety. Side effects include increased suicidual thoughts or behaviors.

70
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

A movement disorder that can occur as a side effect of long-term use of certain medications, particulary antipsychotic medication. It is characterized by involuntary and repetitive movements of the face, tongue, and sometimes other body parts.

71
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

A medical procedure that involves the use of electrical currents to induce controlled seizures in the brain. It is used to treat depression, bipolar disorder.

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