Unit 8: Topic 11 - The Civil Rights Movement Expands Flashcards
What were some of the tactics used by César Chávez and the United Farm Workers from the 1960’s-1980’s?
Chávez and the UFW successfully organized nation-wide grape boycotts to force the owners of the fields in California to negotiate with the UFW for better conditions and higher pay. Other tactics included marches, hunger strikes, labor strikes, and political action.
Prior to their action, farm workers in California were often paid less than minimum wage, worked long hours without breaks for shade or water, and had long term health problems from dangerous pesticides.
Who is Gloria Steinem?
Gloria Steinem is recognized as a key figure in the feminist movement that began in the late 1960’s and 1970’s. She founded Ms. magazine, a pioneering feminist publication. While there were many influential and significant feminists from this time period, Gloria Steinem stands out because of her public profile as her writing and speaking abilities made her a celebrity for the cause.
How was Alcatraz Island related to the American Indian Movement?
In 1968, dozens of Native American activists occupied Alcatraz Island outside of San Francisco and demanded that the land be returned to them from the U.S. government. While several organizations were there, the American Indian Movement (AIM) would become one of the better known groups.
This lasted for 19th months and became a symbolic moment that provided momentum for Native American movements. The occupation of Alcatraz was eventually ended as the federal government made it difficult for them to stay and people lost interest.
What was The Feminine Mystique and what was its significance in the Women’s Movement?
The Feminine Mystique (1963) is a book by Betty Friedan that dispelled the myth that all women wanted to be happy homemakers. Friedan’s book gave the movement a new direction by encouraging women to seek fulfillment in professional careers in addition to filling the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker
What is Title IX?
Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 (amending the Civil Rights Act of 1964) forbids gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs, including athletics. This act has helped millions of women receive more equal opportunities in schools.
What was the Equal Rights Amendment?
Originally proposed in 1923 by Alice Paul, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a failed constitutional amendment that would guarantee equal rights under the law regardless of sex. It has been introduced in every session of Congress up to the present day.
In 1972, Congress passed the ERA, sending it to state legislatures for the required approval of 3/4’s of the states. Because of the conservative backlash, largely led by Phyllis Schlafly and the STOP ERA movement, the ERA missed approval by 3 states.
What were the Stonewall Riots?
Also called the Stonewall Uprising, the Stonewall Riots of 1969 were a pivotal moment in the fight for LGBTQ+ rights as police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar, in New York City.
As the police hauled people out of the bar, the patrons and onlookers rioted and violence began in the streets. This event is considered a key moment because it inspired many people to demand change and recognition of LGBTQ+ rights.
Who were César Chávez and Dolores Huerta?
César Chávez and Dolores Huerta were labor activists who helped form the United Farm Workers (UFW).
Drawing inspiration from the non-violent protests of Martin Luther King Jr., they campaigned for greater rights for agricultural workers including rights for unions, higher pay, and better work conditions.
What was the National Organization for Women (NOW), and what were their goals?
In 1966, Betty Friedan helped found the National Organization for Women (NOW), which adopted the activist tactics of other civil rights movements to secure equal treatment for women. Their goals include equal opportunity and equal pay for women, eliminating discrimination, and advancing sexual rights.
Who was Phyllis Schlafly?
Phyllis Schlafly is known for her conservative views and anti-feminist activism. She founded the STOP ERA movement to successfully halt the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and campaigned for men and women to resume their traditional duties.
Schlafly claimed that there was fundamental differences between men and women and was a key conservative figure for the Republican Party in the 1970’s and 80’s as she pushed for “traditional values”
What was the Self-Determination Act of 1975?
The Self-Determination Act of 1975 allowed for Native American tribal government to have greater autonomy and control over federal programs on reservations.
What was the result of Roe v. Wade (1973)
Considered on the most significant achievements for the 1970’s feminist movement, Roe v. Wade (1973) guaranteed a right to privacy, including a right to abortion.
While some limits were allowed, states were no longer able to outright ban abortion. This triggered a large conservative backlash, resulting in abortion rights being chipped away throughout the years until Roe v. Wade was overturned in 2022.
