Unit 4: Topic 2 - The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson Flashcards
Why did Thomas Jefferson oppose the federalist ideals?
The Federalist Party favored a strong central government.
Jefferson feared that a powerful central government might lead to a loss of individual and state rights.
In support of adding a Bill of Rights to the US Constitution to protect individual rights.
Who were the Democratic-Republicans?
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe led and founded the party.
Anti-Federalists: opposed the ratification of the 1787 US Constitution changed their name to “Republicans”
Historians referred to them as “Democratic-Republicans” or “Jeffersonian Republicans” to distinguish them from the modern Republican political party.
Feared that the new national government would be too powerful.
Thought that a powerful central government would threaten individual liberties because there wasn’t a Bill of Rights.
Supported by farmers, common people, and plantation owners (basically anyone who was not wealthy)
Who was Thomas Jefferson?
The third president of the United States; two terms (1801-1809)
Served as President George Washington’s Secretary of State (1790-1793)
Served as Vice President under John Adams (1797-1801)
Was an Anti-Federalist
Led the Democratic-Republican Party
Had Agrarian Ideals: the perspective that stresses the primacy of family farming, widespread property ownership, and political decentralization,
Jefferson’s take: a farmer who owned land would raise his own subsistences without a need to depend on customers.
What were the Pros and Cons of the Louisiana Purchase?
Pros
Doubled the size of the US for a small price of $15 million dollars
Added an additional 828,000 square miles.
Today this territory consists of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, New Mexico, Minnesota, and Missouri.
Valuable resources
Population size growing, need more living space
Cons
Caused conflicts with Native Americans: taking away their land (leads to the Trail of Tears in Period 5).
What conflicts arose with the Louisiana Purchase?
Thomas Jefferson’s purchase of this western territory was deemed unconstitutional by some people because it was outside the role of the executive branch to purchase foreign lands
Jefferson drafted an amendment that would authorize the purchase of Louisiana retroactively, which Congress rejected.
However, on October 20, 1800, the Senate approved the ratification of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty.
What were the goals of Westward expedition?
Thomas Jefferson hoped that the exploration of the territory from the Louisiana Purchase would find the “Northwest Passage”, a water route linking the Columbia and Missouri rivers–connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Mississippi River system.
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark traveled more than 8,000 miles, produced invaluable maps and geographical information, identified at least 120 animal specimens and 200 botanical samples, and initiated peaceful relations with dozens of Native American tribes.
How did Native Americans play a part in Lewis and Clark’s expedition?
The Corps of Discovery met Sacagawea, a Native American from the Shoshone tribe, to guide and help communicate with other Native Americans they encountered.
The party encountered around 50 different Native American tribes including the Shoshone, the Mandan, the Minitari, the Blackfeet, the Chinook, and the Sioux (Both friendly and hostile).
Lewis and Clark developed a first contact protocol for meeting new tribes: bartered goods (trade) and presented the tribe’s leader with objects such as knives, tobacco, ivory combs, mirrors, sewing notions, ribbons, bright colored cloth, face paint, and beads.
The party told the Natives that the U.S. owned their land and offered military protection in exchange for peace.
What did Marbury vs. Madison establish?
John Adams passed the Judiciary Act of 1801, which created new courts, added judges, and gave the president more control over the appointment of judges–the Act was an attempt by Adams and his party to frustrate his successor.
William Marbury, one of the judges appointed by John Adams, sues James Madison for his refusal to deliver the commissions
The Court held that the provisions of the Judiciary Act of 1789 enabling Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional since it purported to extend the Court’s original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III, Section 2, established. (the Judiciary Act of 1789 conflicted with the Constitution)
Established the principle of judicial review–the power of the federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional
How did Marbury vs. Madison align with the Writ of Mandamus?
The Writ of Mandamus is an order from a court to an inferior government official ordering them to properly fulfill their official duties or correct an abuse of discretion.
William Marbury appealed to the Supreme Court for Madison’s refusal to deliver the commissions.
Who were the “Midnight Judges”?
The Judiciary Act of 1801 expanded federal jurisdiction, eliminated Supreme Court Justices’ circuit court duties and created 16 federal circuit court judgeships.
Ongoing President John Adams filled the new positions with Federalist lifetime appointees, known as the “Midnight Judges”.
Called the “Midnight Judges” because John Adam signed their official commissions late into the night of his last day in office.
How did McCulloch vs. Maryland shape the power of the federal government?
The second national bank was in Maryland, where the state decided they had the power to tax the bank because it was within their borders.
James McCulloch, the federal bank cashier, refused to pay the tax because he thought that states did not have the power to tax a national bank. And Maryland argued it had the right to tax any building in their state.
The Supreme Court decided in** McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)** that federal laws outweigh state laws. They declared that Congress has the power to make laws underneath the Necessary and Proper Clause and that the federal government has ““implied powers””. This means that the federal government can do anything that is reasonably implied in the Constitution, even if it’s not specifically written.
What is the Necessary and Proper Clause?
Article I, Section 8, Clause 18:
“[The Congress shall have Power…] To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.”
Allows Congress the ability to make laws or to act where the Constitution doesn’t give it specific authority to act.
Also known as the implied powers of the Elastic Clause.
