Unit 8 Jasmine Mich Flashcards
Cold War
Definition: Developed at the end of WWII. USSR and US locked in an ideological battle between Communism and Democratic capitalism. It is called the Cold War because no fighting took place in the USSR and the US, only proxy wars.
LO1: After WWII, the two major superpowers, split up and were having an ideological battle between two different ways to rule.
Non-Aligned Movement
Definition: Countries who didn’t join either superpowers and played them to get aid from both. During the Cold War, western nations made an alliance called, NATO, where they agreed to mutually support each other. In response, Stalin and Stalin’s friends created the Warsaw Pact, to also mutually support each other. Nations such as Kwame Nkrumah’s Ghana wouldn’t join either, and played them both, and got support from both superpowers.
LO9: With NATO and the Warsaw pact being created, many African and Asian nations didn’t join either side and got support from both.
Kwame Nkrumah
Definition: First president of Ghana, took office in 1960. Nkrumah took ideas from modern nation-states and influenced it on Ghanaian nationalism. Nkrumah emulated nationalistic traditions he learned during his time in the US and Great Britain. Nkrumah strongly advocated Pan-Africanism.
LO9: Kwame Nkrumah was part of the non-aligned movement, where he gained aid from both superpowers. He also freed Ghana from Britain’s rule during the Cold War.
Proxy Wars
Korean War: War that took place in Korea from 1950 to 1953. USSR controlled the northern territory, and US and allies controlled southern territory. The war was fought to prevent communist north from taking over and spreading into South Korea. War ended in a stalemate.
Angolan Civil War: Civil War that took place in Angola. The Portuguese colony of Angola won independence in 1975, after 14 years of armed struggle. The borders of Angola had been set up by European colonial powers with little regard for traditional regions, therefore, rival ethnic groups were thrown together under one government. Each of the 3 main ethnic groups wanted to control the country’s diamond mines and fought for independence. In 2002, after, after 27 years of fighting, the rivals agreed to a cease-fire.
LO3: The USSR tried to maintain influence, by spreading Communism to different nations. This led to Proxy wars, because the US was trying to prevent the spread of communism.
Communist Revolution in China
Definition: A revolution in China, led by Mao Zedong, that began with the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. In China, the nationalists and communists began fighting for control over the country. The communists won popular support because they redistributed land to peasants, opened schools and hospitals, and punished soldiers who mistreated civilians. In 1949, communists defeated the nationalists and set up the People’s Republic of China.
LO4: Mao Zedong was inspired by USSR to become communist and won the popular vote in China. They promised a bunch of rights to civilians. However, there will still few women in political power, and even though women’s rights were highly advocated in China, they still were expected to provide for their families and fulfill traditional roles at home. In addition, much of Chinese people were from the country side and still peasants, with the agricultural collectivization.
Great Leap forward
Definition: Policy created by China in 1958, that led to more land reform. The great leap forward promoted small-scale industrialization, but ended up being a massive fail, and it led to famine that killed 15-50 million people. By 1960, the Great Leap forward was abandoned
LO4: The Great Leap Forward was lead by the Chinese Communist Party, from Mao Zedong, acting like something such as the Five Year Plans in USSR, to reform China. But, consequently, it lead to massive famine and death.
Communist revolution for Vietnamese independence
Definition: In 1945, Vietnam declared independence from France and Japan’s control. Vietnam was an agricultural society, where a few people controlled most of the land. Communists wanted to seize land from landowners and redistribute it amongst the peasants. When communists took power in the North, they carried out their policies, sometimes violently.
LO5: Vietnam was a very agricultural land with few people that controlled the land, which led to the distribution of land from landowners to peasants.
Decolonization
Definition: After WWII, where many colonies that began to gain independence and be free. in the 20th Century, nationalist groups and leaders challenged colonial rule and struggled for independence.
LO9: With the two superpowers in the Cold War, other countries started using protests and acts of either violence or nonviolence to gain free from rule, and decolonize, so they can be independent.
Indian National Congress
Definition: The Indian National Congress was formed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 in order to form a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians. The drive for Indian self rule began in the 19th Century. It’s leader in 1920 was Mohandas Gandhi. The national congress’ tactic was civil disobedience, and they remained a power governmental force after Indian independence.
LO6: The Indian National Congress, led by Gandhi, used peaceful methods to gain free of the British’s colonial rule. An example of their peaceful protests would be the Salt March.
Muslim League
Definition: The Muslim League, founded in 1906, advocated for a seperate nation for Indian Muslims.
LO7: With the changes happening in the Cold War, it led to many changes. A demographic change would be the Muslim League and how they wanted a nation’s identity to be mostly Indian Muslims.
Partition of India
Definition: In 1947, the British divided India into two independent countries; there was a mostly Hindu India and a mostly Muslim Pakistan. There was tension between Hindus and Muslims after Indian independence. The partition was chaotic and violence broke out along the religious lines. Kashmir was a place of conflict between Indian and Pakistan fights.
LO7: With India’s new independence, it was now divided due to the tensions between the Muslims and Hindus. This caused for much rivalry between India and Pakistan.
Creation of Israel
Definition: Zionists hoped that the new state could be established in Palestine because that is where their ancestors lived. At the end of WWI, BR was given control over Ottoman lands. After WWII, the impetus for Jew immigration grew until the creation of Israel was finalized in 1948. In a new state, Zionists said Jews could be free of persecution. In protest to the creation of Israel, Palestine Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded Israel . But, they lost and 400,000 Palestinians became refugees.
LO7: During the creation of Israel, many countries rejected it. They tried to invade Israel, but failed, which led to many Palestinians becoming refugees, which changed Palestines demographics.
Metropole
Definition: A large city, a homeland, or a central territory of a present or former colonial ruler or empire.
EX: London
LO3: The USSR and US would often try to influence other countries. With the metropole being sort of like a home base and discussion, some weapons and strategy talks happened in this city.
Mohandas Gandhi
Definition: Led the Indian National Congress, where he led nonviolent marches, boycotts, and fasts to oppose British control rule in India, until India became independent in 1947.
LO6: Gandhi led the Indian National Congress, where he did peaceful protests, such as the Salt Match, to gain freedom from the British. Eventually, Gandhi was successful and India became independent.
Martin Luther King JR
Definition: Baptist minister, African American, civil rights leader, and activist in the US in the 50s and 60s. Fought for equality for African American people and fought against segregation. He is most known for his “I have a dream” speech. MLK, after much work and fighting, allowed for the Civil Rights Act of 1965 and the Voting RIghts Act in 1965 to be signed, which prohibited discrimination against people just based on color, sex, race, national origin or religion.
LO6: MLK JR was fighting against racism, segregation, and discrimination against people based on their race, mostly African Americans. He was an activist who also used many peaceful protests, which eventually resulted in an act that prohibited discrimination.
