Unit 8: Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

What are genes?

A

segments of DNA that can be expressed as either PROTEINS or RNA

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2
Q

what is protein synthesis?

A

the process when gene expression is for a protein

genes: instructions that tell proteins what to do

without genes, there won’t be proteins

there must be genes to make proteins to make a feature

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3
Q

gene expression of eukaryotes (characteristics)?

A
  • eukaryotic genes are found on linear chromosomes within the cell nucleus
  • eukaryotic cells have large and randomly sized segments of non coding DNA between them
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4
Q

gene of chromosomes begins with ___ and ends with __

A

gene of chromosomes begins with START CODON and ends with STOP CODON

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5
Q

purpose of promoter region?

A

important role in the initiation of transcription

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6
Q

Where does RNA processing take place in the eukaryotic cell?

A

nucleus

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7
Q

Before RNA polymerase can begin transcribing a gene (transcription), what must happen first?

A

transcription factors (proteins) must bind to the promoter gene

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8
Q

What is ‘X’ ?

A

Template and Antisense strand

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9
Q

what is the direction of the transcription?

A

left

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10
Q

first 4 bases of mRNA?

A

GUAC

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11
Q

Proteins assembled at free ribosomes are most likely?

A

stay in the cell

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12
Q

combination of ribosomal parts found in eukaryotes?

A

40S + 60S = 80S (no units just S!)

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13
Q

combination of ribosomal parts found in prokaryotes?

A

30S + 50S = 70S

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14
Q

Where do new tRNA molecules arrive to translation with an amino acid attach to the ribosome?

A

A site

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15
Q

How does translation end (3)?

A
  • ribosome reaches stop codon (1)
  • 3 possible stop codons (1)
  • stop codon codes for release factor (1)
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16
Q

What causes mutations?

A

dna replication errors & mutagens

17
Q

What causes sickle cell disease?

A
  • substitution mutation for 6th amino acid of beta hemoglobins
  • supposed to be glumatic acid (good), but mutation changed to valine (bad) -> weird cell shape!
  • genetically mutated
18
Q

who and how were cyclins discovered?

A

tim hunt researching sea urchins

19
Q

transcription

A

a copy of the gene

20
Q

5’ to 3’

A

adding to 3’, 5’ already added

  • transcription in nucleus

mRNA copy of gene

translation happens in cytoplasm

pre mrna, mrna, amino acids, protein

the order!!

21
Q

function of capsid?

A

helps bacteria stick to substrate

22
Q

what do genes code for?

A

most genes code for PROTEIN but some for RNA

23
Q

combination of ribosomal parts in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

eu (even): 40+60=80

pro (not even): 30+70=50

24
Q

why is it bad to have sickle cell disease?

A

reduce ability to carry oxygen

  • increased risk for stroke, chronic pain
25
Q

what are mutagens? 3 categories?

A

any agents in the environment that change DNA

  1. electromagnetic radiation (X rays, UV light)
  2. chemicals in tabocco, processed meat
  3. some viruses
26
Q

what happened in the Hiroshima Atomic Bomb?

A
  • bomb that killed 100,000 instantly and 50,00 in the next 10 years of leukemia
  • nuclear radiation caused changes to oncogenes/tumor suppresor genes
27
Q

proteins assembled at free ribosome most likely?

A

stay in the cell

28
Q

which ribosomes are used for proteins made for secretion?

A
  1. RER
  2. Nuclear Membrane
29
Q

purpose of transcription?

A

transcribe a copy of a gene from dna to rna

30
Q

how does translation end?

A
  • ribosome reach stop codon, realase factor bind to stop codon
  • finished polypeptides leave through exit tunnel
  • some energy spend (GDP) and ribosomes come apart, realeasing from mRNA
31
Q

on tRNA, 3 base opposite from from amino acid called?

A

anticodon