Unit 11: Evolution

Question 1

evidence of evolution?

Answer 1

earth is old

• valcano, layering of rock, uplifting of mountain etc

Question 2

what are hard fossils?

Answer 2

bones or shells

Question 3

what are soft fossils?

Answer 3

frozen animal in glacier or insect inside amber

Question 4

how old is a fossil with 25% C14 (radioisotope dating)?

Answer 4

100 /2 = 50

50/2 = 25

2 half lives

1 half 5700 year, 5700 x 2 = 11400 years

Question 5

what is homologous structure? examples? also known as?

Answer 5

SAME STRUCTURE (ANCESTOR), DIFFERENT FUNCTION

always go with DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

ex: Pentadactly limbs, comparison of embryos, adaptive radiation
- homologous structure + divergent = adaptive radiation

Question 6

sWhy are homologous structures evidence of evolution?

Answer 6

show how organisms share a common ancestor but through divergent now have different functions

Question 7

what are Analogous structures? ex?

Answer 7

DIFFERENT STRUCTURE (ANCESTOR), SAME FUNCTION

analagous = covergent evolution

ex: butterfly & birds

Question 8

why are analogous structures evidence of evolution?

Answer 8

show how different groups under the same selective preassures evolved to have same function

Question 9

what are vestigal structures? ex (2)?

Answer 9

vestigal = 廢掉

structures in the body that has no importance (no function anymore)

ex: coccyx (human tail bone), pelvis in whales

Question 10

what is artificial breeding?

Answer 10

selective breeding/animal husbandry (choosing desirable traits to inherit)

Question 11

how does artificial selection show evolution?

Answer 11

shows that organisms are mutable even though humans caused the change, not nature

Question 12

cons of selective breeding?

Answer 12

ex:

• selective breed apple bigger, but heavier and will easily break + damage tree
• breeded dogs have health problems

Question 13

what is evolution?

Answer 13

the process which populations change over time in response to their environment

Question 14

how does evolution happen?

Answer 14

natural selection (nature choosing features that give organism better fitness), selective preassure -> variation (from crossing over, independent assortment, mutations)!

Question 15

what does better fitness mean?

Answer 15

features beneficial for survial + reproductive success

Question 16

how do mutations happen?

Answer 16

randomly and common due to DNA replication mistakes

Question 17

what are effects of mutations?

Answer 17

harmful, neutral, or beneficial

Question 18

how can mutations be harmful?

Answer 18

mutation: humans creating less vitamin C
before: lots of vitamin c by nature so no need for more vitamin c
after: moved to other parts of the world, less vitamin C produced by humans cause mutation, so harmful cause not enough vitamin c now

Question 19

what is adaptation? cost ex?

Answer 19

features that enable better fitness

HERITABLE + KEEP FOR A LONG TIME

ex: human brain bigger, but takes a lot of energy (ATP) to grow

Question 20

what is acclimation?

Answer 20

temporary inheritable

Question 21

plant acclimation of leaf stomata lab?

Answer 21

calculated density of somata (pore under the leaf where CO2 enter and oxygen+water vapor leave) in sun + shade

sun: more stomata! more acclimated more cause more sun = more photosynthesis
shade: less stomata! less acclimated cause less sun = less photosynthesis

Question 22

sexual selection ex?

Answer 22

female choice: 女peackocks choose 男peackock

sometimes bad cause female choice = reproductive success but somestime cost of survivorship (peacock tail too long)

Question 23

what is antibiotic resistance? ex (3)?

Answer 23

bacteria getting more resistant to antibiotics

1. antibiotics fed to all animals whether they’re sick or not, creates stronger bacteria and end up on other foods
2. sometimes doctors prescribe antibiotics to those who don’t need them
3. when a patient doesn’t complete their antibiotics (antibiotics haven’t fully killed bacteria yet, remain bacteria more resistant against antibiotics and divide rapidly while passing favorable genes (those resistant against antibiotics)

Question 24

what happened to peppered moth and industrial melanism?

Answer 24

• moths ariginally white and can hide in white lichen on tree
• industrial revolution = pollution caused lichen to be darker, white moth can’t blend in anymore
• by natural selection, there become more black moths then white

Question 25

what is coevolution? ex?

Answer 25

coevolution: when species shape each other’s evolution by putting selective preassure on each other

ex: malaria & sickle cell

• person homozygous to sickle cell can’t get malaria but sickle cell will be fatal
• person heterozygous have some immunity to malaria & sickle cell not severe enough to be fatal (heterozygous advantage)
• person homozygous to malaria will have no pretection to malaria but can’t get sickle cell disease

Question 26

how are living organisms classified? by what system?

Answer 26

by Linnaean Classification System

includes most to least: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Dude Katy Patty Comes Over For Grape Soda

Question 27

monophyletic vs paraphyletic vs polyphyletic?

Answer 27

mono: common ancestor of all descendents
para: some but not all descendents of common ancestor
poly: no common ancestor

Question 28

3 types of evidence to determine evolution relationship? which most reliable (2)?

Answer 28

1. morphology (what they look like - color, body shape) sometimes misleading
2. fossil evidence (age of fossil creature) reliable
3. molecular data (nucleotide sequence difference) reliable

Question 29

what is extinction?

Answer 29

permanant loss of a single species (dinosoars)

Question 30

how many mass extinctions in history? currently in?

Answer 30

5 in history, currently in 6th mass extinction

Question 31

what happened in the first mass extinction?

Answer 31

66 mil years ago cause of a meteor + dramatic climate change

• death of dinosours caused explosion of mammals

Question 32

what happened in the Miller-Urey experiment?

Answer 32

• simulated conditions of early earth
• hypothesis: small organic molecules are necessary for life to evolve from inorganic compounds
• chamber simulated gases in early earth
• chamber provided sparks of electricity (simulate lightning)
• small organic molecules collect condensation of water to second chamber (simulate ocean)

Question 33

significance of Miller-Urey experiment? also called?

Answer 33

proved that cells (small organic molecules necessary for life) to evolve in conditions of early eath was possible

• life evolving from nonliving materia also called abiogenesis

Question 34

what does the Emdosymbiotic Theory show?

Answer 34

how organells evolved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes

Question 35

how did endosymbiotic theory happen?

Answer 35

• infolding of outer membrane of ancestral prokaryote create nuclues
• ancestral prokaryote ingest (take in) other prokaryote by phagocytosis create mitochondria & chloroplast
• metabolisms work together in symbiosis (working together)

Question 36

evidence of endosymbiotic theory (4)?

Answer 36

evidence need to be just like bacteria!

1. chlroplast & mitochondria both have own LOOPED DNA like bacteria
2. binary fission: when eukaryotic cell divides, mitochondria & chloroplast also divide like bacteria
3. mitochondria and chloroplast have own ribosomes (70S) like bacteria
4. organells have 2 membranes: 1 from orginal membrane 1 from second membrane from engulfing (吞 second membrane)

Question 37

what is the Great Oxydation Event?

Answer 37

• 2.7bil years ago little oxygen until evidence of photosynthesis -> oxygen ↑ 2%
• iron compounds in soil & water became oxidized into iron oxides (orange-red colored)
• formations of banded iron found in rocks from that time, evidence for Great Oxygen Event